Algorithm based on machine learning for early detection of lameness in dairy cows
Geldibayev B.Y., Ollamberganov F.F.
Tashkent University of Information Technologies

This article discusses an algorithm for the early detection of lameness in dairy cows based on data analysis and machine learning. The algorithm includes stages such as data cleaning, feature extraction, and training a logistic regression model. The methods and approaches used at each stage are described. The developed algorithm achieved an accuracy of 95 percent during model training.

Spherical Form Distortion of Fulleren Molecule in Monocrystals of the TPDP*(C60)2(CS2)4 Molecular Complex
Adilova Kh., Atadjanov B., Ernazarov U., Narymbetov B.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Natural Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

Low-temperature structure data analysis for the monocrystal of the C60 with 2,2’,6,6’-thetraphenildipiraniliden compound: TPDP(С60)2(CS2)4 has been carried out. Configuration analysis for C60 molecule shows that form of the molecule is distorted and could not be described with icosahedric symmetry. Ellipsoidal elongation is observed and molecule symmetry has been described with C2h symmetry group. There is an agreement with theoretical Jan-Teller idea about distortions of high-symmetry of molecules, when highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of molecule level is partially occupied due to its degeneration.

Analysis of the steady-state mode of subharmonic oscillations in three-phase ferroresonance circuits
Ibadullaev M.I., Esenbekov A.J.
Tashkent State Technical University
Karakalpak State University, Nukus

It is known that the occurrence of subharmonic oscillations in power supply systems, i.e. in ferroresonant circuits, leads to failure of the power supply system as a result of overvoltage in current or voltage. In addition, various frequency converters can be manufactured based on nonlinear electroferromagnetic circuits. In general, high-voltage power lines, power supply systems are composed of transformers, compensating capacitors or reactors, and the ferroresonant circuit corresponds to the equivalent circuit of power lines. As a result of current and line voltage due to subharmonic oscillations, especially in power lines and power transmission systems, electrical equipment failure sometimes occurs. In this regard, analysis of the mechanism of subharmonic oscillations arising in ferroresonant circuits is of great practical importance. Based on the results of scientific research, it has been proven that the occurrence of subharmonic oscillations is due to the parameters of the circuit, the initial phase and saturation of the transformer. The article carried out experimental studies in a three-phase ferroresonant circuit in order to study and analyze the characteristics of subharmonic oscillations generated in electroferromagnetic current circuits. Based on the method of frequency- energy relations, the steady state of a third-order subharmonic is theoretically analyzed and compared with experimental results. Based on the results obtained, it is also shown that it is possible to manufacture three-phase ferroresonant frequency divider structures.

Theoretical justification of the parameters of the working body for treating the slope of the crests and bottom of the irrigation furrows for soucing meloon crops
Худайкулиев Р.Р., Ибрагимов А.А., Оринбаев П.Ф.
Research Institute of Agricultural Mechanization, Tashkent

The article provides brief data on the technologies currently used in our Republic for the cultivation of melons, its shortcomings and on the technical means for implementing the technology created at the Research Institute of Agricultural Mechanization to eliminate these shortcomings, as well as the results of theoretical research to substantiate the parameters of the working body for processing of slopes of ridges and the bottom of an irrigation furrow, a combined unit that performs pre-sowing treatment of ridges cut in the fall with locally applied organic fertilizer and sowing melon and melon seeds in one pass across the field. The calculations showed that the angle of installation of the knives relative to the horizon should be within 15°29'-18°44', their length should be at least 63.2 cm, the angle of installation of the knife relative to the direction of movement should be within 30°-32°30'' crumbling angle knife – within 24-31°, installation angle.

Granulometric analysis of glauconite-bearing rocks of Karakalpakstan
Bauatdinov S.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Natural Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

This text is dedicated to the analysis of glauconite-bearing deposits from the Krantau elevation and other sites. It describes the granulometric composition of glauconite grains, their morphological and surface characteristics, as well as the genetic features of their formation. In the glauconite-bearing deposits of Krantau, a high content of clay fraction is observed, indicating calm hydrodynamic conditions of sediment accumulation. Studies have shown that glauconite grains are most often formed in finegrained sands, which are then reworked in shallow marine conditions. The authors distinguish three varieties of glauconite based on color and describe their morphological characteristics. Special attention is given to changes in the grains related to dehydration and hydration, as well as the conditions of their formation in various geological environments. Overall, the text provides a deep understanding of the processes of formation and alteration of glauconite grains in different sedimentary environments .

Study of the mechanism and kinetics of the dehydration process of dihydrate gypsum
Turemuratov Sh.N., Abylova A.Zh., Bekbosynova R.Zh., Mnazhov A.N.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Natural Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

The kinetics of the dehydration process of dihydrate gypsum of gypsum binders based on the Ustyurt deposit was studied and it was shown that deformed (powdered) gypsum has a dissociation constant than undeformedmonocrystalline gypsum. The mechanism and kinetics of the dehydration process of calcium sulfate dihydrate change depending on the technological conditions of its implementation. When firing in open apparatuses, the environment is air with a relatively low relative humidity and water, which is released from gypsum in the form of water vapor. During dehydration of gypsum in closed apparatuses at elevated pressure, when the medium is saturated with water vapor, water is released from gypsum in a drop-liquid state. The results of the dehydration process of dihydrate gypsum, methods of chemical, radiographic and thermogravimetric analysis are presented. Natural gypsum with a minimum amount of foreign impurities was taken for the preparation of mixtures. Radiographic and thermographic analyses confirmed sufficient purity of the sample. Calculation by hydrate water showed 99.32% CaSO4•2H2O.

Characteristics of various technical plants of Karakalpakstan
Orel M.M., Matjanova Kh.K.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Natural Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

The environmental approach to the application and use of resources, which has been developing in recent years, poses the task of searching for alternative methods in search of raw materials that can be used in various industries. The main requirement is an unconventional and innovative approach to plant resources, since they are environmentally friendly and non-toxic. An alternative to artificial materials and natural fuel resources can be raw materials obtained from plants that are little known, but whose resource potential requires study, is relevant and may be in demand in the future. The article discusses cultivated and wild plants growing on the territory of Karakalpakstan, which can be used for the production of paper, cardboard, and used in construction.

Generalized model of dynamics of rodent population size and composition
Atadjanov H.L., Mambetullaeva S.M., Utemuratova G.N.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Natural Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

In recent years there has been a great interest in the problems of formation of population dynamics and population structure. In field studies it is not always possible to obtain all the necessary materials for analyzing population dynamics. In this case it is possible to use the apparatus of mathematical modeling. In this paper, a mathematical model of the dynamics of rodent population size and composition is developed in a generalized form. The laws of mortality, fertility and transition between age groups are determined, which are taken into account by the model formulation. The model takes into account the sex structure of the population as well as the population group structure by number of births.

Quantitative analysis of photosynthetic pigments in the leaves of Paulownia tomentosa, Chitalpa tashkentensis, and Vinca minor under conditions of different levels of heavy metal pollution
Mamadiyarov M.U., Matjanova X.K., Yermatova V.B., Attokurov K.Sh.
Uzbekistan-Finland Pedagogical Institute, Tashkent
Karakalpak branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan Karakalpak Scientific Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Nukus
Ush State University of the Kyrgyz Republic

In the article, the parameters of photosynthetic pigments, i.ye., chlorophyll "a" and "b" and the amount of carotenoids in Paulownia tomentosa, Chitalpa tashkentensis, and Vinca minor plants were analyzed in the control group and in two yexperimental groups. It was determined by spectrophotometry that the amount of chlorophyll "a" and "b" and carotenoids in the control group was higher than that of the yexperimental groups. The amount of photosynthetic pigments in Vinca minor was higher compared to the other two types of plants, i.ye. Paulownia tomentosa, Chitalpa tashkentensis shows that the device has a high adaptability to the yexternal yenvironment. Heavy metals such as arsenic, cadmium, zinc, and lead have been studied in scientific studies to significantly affect the process of photosynthesis. An increase in the amount of cadmium has a significant yeffect on the decrease in photosynthesis. Of course, these metals are known there is a limit amount, and when it yexceeds this amount, it negatively affects the activity of the photosynthetic apparatus and the processes related to photosynthesis. Including zinc and lead yelements, which are widely distributed in the yexternal yenvironment, cause the photosynthesis process in plant leaves to slow down. Photosynthesis It is manifested by the slowing down of the process, metabolism and biosynthesis processes in cells. We know from research that the biosynthesis of proteins is significantly reduced. The importance of these types of plants in optimizing the outdoor air determines the importance of these species.

The effect of defoliants on cotton leaf drop depending on soil moisture
Allanazarov S.R., Kudaybergenova N.P.
Scientific-research Institute of Agrotechnologies of Cotton Selection Seed breeding and Cultivation, Toshkent
Karakalpakstan Institute of Agriculture and Agrotechnologies, Nukus

This paper presents data on the effect of different defoliants on cotton leaf shedding as a function of soil moisture prior to defoliation. Soil moisture before defoliation is 50-55; 60-65 and 70-75 %, the effect of Fanbaraka, Fankaltsiydef and Khim-extra defoliants on the shedding of leaves of medium-fiber cotton variety UzPITI-103 was determined. According to the results of the research, it was observed that the number of fallen leaves on the 12 th day after defoliation was 80,3 %, 2,8 % dry and 10,1 % semi-dry leaves in the version where the newly studied Fankaltsiydef defoliant was applied at the rate of 6,0 l/ha. Also, in the case where Khim-extra defoliant was applied at the rate of 150,0 ml/ha, by the 12 th day of observations, the number of fallen leaves was 84,8 %, dry ones were 0,3 %, and semi-dry ones were 1,4 %. In conclusion, it should be noted that in the UzPITI-103 cotton variety, the effectiveness of defoliants is high when the soil moisture is around 60-55 %. Application of defoliant was observed to be highly effective and it was found that leaf shedding was 76,9-57,8 % higher in these variants compared to the control.

Anthropogenic transformation of tree and shrub vegetation of the lower reaches of the Amu darya
Mamutov N.K., Uteniyazova U.J.
Karakalpak State University, Nukus
Nukus State Pedagogical Institute

The paper presents the results of studies on anthropogenic transformation of tree and shrub vegetation in the study of the main plant communities of the lower reaches of the Amu Darya under conditions of direct and indirect anthropogenic desertification. In the background of anthropogenic transformation and change in ecotopic conditions of the delta landscape of the lower reaches of the Amu Darya, in connection with the violation of the floodplain and alluvial regimes, a cardinal successional change in the structure of the main tree-shrub plant communities is taking place, where trends in landscape dynamics have been established under modern conditions. Meanwhile, it is impossible to preserve a species outside its natural environment, that is, the natural ecosystem in which it was formed, and the work also developed a criterion for the anthropogenic transformation of the tree and shrub vegetation of the Amu Darya delta.

Influence of external environmental factors on species of the genus Ulmus L. on saline soils of Karakalpakstan
Utegenov I.B., Otenov T., Grokhovatsky I.A.
Karakalpakstan Institute of Agriculture and Agrotechnology, Nukus
Karakalpak Research Institute of Natural Sciences of the Karakalpak branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

The article is devoted to the study of the attitude to winter frosts, drought and high air temperature, resistance to pests and diseases of species of the genus Ulmus L. in the conditions of saline soils of Karakalpakstan. The influence of external environmental factors on 4 species of the genus Ulmus L. in the conditions of Karakalpakstan was studied. It was noted that an increase in root growth in plants of the genus Ulmus L. is observed at the initial stages of drought. Resistance to pests and diseases of elm species was established. Dutch disease, widespread among elms in Uzbekistan, was not detected in elms in Karakalpakstan during the observation period.

Environmental assessment of economic growth using the theory of the Kuznets curve
Kudaynazarova D.K., Yuldasheva N.R.
Nukus branch of Tashkent University of Information Technologies

The article is devoted to the study of the level of "ecological efficiency" of the economic growth of a number of countries using the Kuznets curve. the data of countries having similar economic and geographical characteristics with the Aral Sea region were studied, and the ecological curves of Kuznets were constructed from them. Based on the graphical analysis, the values of the tangent of the angle are calculated and the levels of "environmental friendliness" of the gross production of countries are determined. The latter are grouped by the level of CO2 emissions for production of a certain volume of production per capita.

Theoretical and methodological development of production costs
Турабеков А.А.
Tashkent Pedagogical University and Economics

The article considers the problems of theoretical and methodological forms of development of production costs. The role of human capital in the historical development of production costs is substantiated. The scientific views of economists about the costs of production are highlighted. The theoretical views of A. Smith and D. Ricardo on the costs of production are considered. The article substantiates the existence of a threshold level demand for production costs and the existence of objective and subjective classification of production costs.

Kazakhs of Karakalpakstan (1925-1940): historical analysis
Djumashev A., Tadjieva R.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Humanitarian Karakalpak branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

The article examines the history of the Kazakh population of Karakalpakstan in the period from 1925 to 1940, which is an important stage in the context of the formation of ethnic identity and social structure of the region. The authors analyzed the changes that occurred in the lives of Kazakhs during this period, covering issues of migration, economic conditions and cultural identity. The authors highlight key points, such as collectivization and its negative consequences for the traditional way of life of the Kazakhs. Aspects of interaction between the Kazakhs and the Karakalpaks and other peoples of the region are also considered, which helps to understand the multinational context of the era. Thus, the study allows us to better understand the complex historical path of the Kazakh people in Karakalpakstan, which makes this work relevant and significant for the study of historical memory and interethnic relations.

Koreans of Karakalpakstan (1937-1941 y.): history of deportation and settlement
Djumashev A., Seydametova G.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Humanities Karakalpak branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

This article is devoted to a new look at the history of the deportation of Koreans to the USSR. The authors' goal is a meaningful analysis of various aspects of the reasons for the deportation of Koreans, the nature of their historical experience, and also to consider the history of deportation from a modern point of view. In accordance with the purpose of the research, the article sets the following objectives: to analyze the main existing works and archival materials on a given topic with an emphasis on modern scientific views on this problem and evaluate them. The work methodology is based on local material. Using a local approach involves focusing on the features of resettlement in a specific region, in this case Karakalpakstan. In addition, the work is based on the principles of critical interpretation of sources, systematization and comparative analysis of data. The novelty lies in the fact that it analyzes the history of the policy of deportation of Koreans to Karakalpakstan, based on the study of archival data and modern new sources. This issue requires further scrupulous development and remains open for further research.

Repression of employees of the Prosecutor's Office of Karakalpakstan
Nurjanov S.U., Qudiyarov A.R.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Humanitarian Karakalpak branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus
Museum of Memory of Victims of Repression at Karakalpak State University, Nukus

The article is devoted to the history of the repressive policy of the Soviet government in the relations of the staff of the prosecutor's office of Karakalpakstan. It is indicated that the Prosecutor General's Office of the Republic of Uzbekistan initiated a study of the history of repression in the structure of the prosecutor's office in the 1930s and 1980s. In the course of the study, it turned out that in Karakalpakstan, highly qualified employees of justice and the court, including Saparbai Nurzhanov, Aitzhan Bekmuratov, Allanazar Pirnazarov, Annaklysh Adakaev, and others, became victims of repression. On the example of the life of the tragic fate of S.Nurzhanov, H.Temirkhanov, etc. The process of repression during the period of Stalin's rule is shown. It is also indicated that as a result of the research work, a book was prepared and published, which became an important part of the historiography of Uzbekistan and Karakalpakstan.

The resettlement of the Ural Cossacks to the Karakalpak steppes and their adaptation to new conditions
Saparniyazov A., Opaev B.
Karakalpak Scientific Research Institute of Humanitarian of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

This study is devoted to studying the history of the resettlement of the Ural Cossacks in the Karakalpak steppes and their adaptation to new conditions. Based on various historiographical materials, the specific aspects of the relationship between the Ural Cossacks and the indigenous people, who preferred to build relations with their neighbors on a parity basis, are examined. In the work, the authors used various works of such authors as A. Karpov, E. Kalbanova, V. Korolenko, E. Danilko, S. Sudakov, most of which were published in various years of the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries. In the process of studying the research topic, special attention was paid to the formation of the Cossacks and the Cossack population. The article records the composition of the population of the Ural Cossacks, which consisted of two characteristic groups. The process of settling part of the Ural Cossacks in the Turkestan region is considered in chronological order, and the main problems that the Ural Cossacks faced at the beginning of their deportation to the region are indicated. In the process of scientific analysis of the research issues, it was found that due to their distinctive culture, traditional norms, as well as the desire for recognition and a policy of rejection, the Ural Cossacks managed to adapt to local life but did not assimilate with the indigenous people, losing their identity. When writing the article, traditional methods of source study and specific historical research were used.

The evolution of gender roles of Karakalpak women (based on ethnographic fieldwork undertaken in April-May 2024)
Kurbanova Z.I.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Humanitarian of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

The article examines the evolution of the gender roles of Karakalpak women based on the materials of an ethnographic expedition conducted in April-May 2024 in the regions of Karakalpakstan. Using the methods of participant observation and interviews, the author makes an attempt to study the transformation of traditional ideas about women's duties and the social status of Karakalpaks since the second half of the 20th century. The results showed that under the influence of various processes, there is a gradual blurring of rigid gender boundaries. Karakalpaks are increasingly going beyond their traditional spheres - household and parenting - in search of self-realization in various spheres of society.

Origin and semantics of the Khorasan horn pattern
Naurizbaeva N.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Humanitarian Karakalpak branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

The article examines the formation and semantics of one of the most expressive elements of Karakalpak ornamentation - the “Khorasan muyiz” pattern. The author attempts to trace the origins of this pattern and its integration into the world of Karakalpak ornament, analyzing ethnic connections with the medieval Oguzes and Pechenegs, as well as later interactions with the Turkmens. The study is based on extensive archaeological and ethnographic data, which makes it possible to conduct a comparative analysis and identify the deep semantics of the pattern. The article also examines the cultural and historical contexts that contributed to the formation and evolution of this element of ornament.

The development of ethnic and interethnic marriages in Karakalpakstan: from the Soviet to the post-Soviet period
Tajetova S.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Humanitarian Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

The article is devoted to the study of the dynamics of ethnic and interethnic marriages in the Republic of Karakalpakstan in the Soviet and post-Soviet periods. The paper examines how the patterns and trends of ethnic and interethnic marriages in Karakalpakstan have changed in different historical periods. Special attention is paid to two waves of international marriages: the first was associated with the return of front-line soldiers after World War II, and the second with the influx of specialists to the republic during the period of active industrial and social development in the 1960s-1980s. Special attention is paid to the fact that interethnic marriages play an important role in the processes of intercultural integration and the formation of a single socio-cultural space.

Developing the bright humanistic ideals of Epicurus, Fyodorov and Dostoevsky
Ashursky E.E.
Institute of Artificial Intelligence at National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev

Today probably each of us, conscious representatives of the human civilization, are standing, as if have absorbed in voiceless wait, on crossroads, peering at the horizons with anxiety: which perspective life path to better choose, what components of our spiritual essence or maybe even of corporeality to improve first of all?.. Though, whatever it was, I am sure that now is just the time to act in line with the wise far-sighted guesses of domestic cosmists (namely, N.F. Fyodorov, K.E.Tsiolkovsky, N.K.Roerich), i.e. to the utmost perfecting inner reserves of human brain. In parallel we'd carry on developments of new safe types of energy as well as alternative (including remote & contactless) modes of information exchange - in order to people could achieve outer space unhindered and autonomously. As to the nearest "minimum program", here, particularly, it’s necessary to study in detail the rejuvenation properties of the stem cells and the ways of refinement of ana- or cryobiosis mechanisms either. Well and besides – just imagine – we are by no means opposed to experimental raising some progressive breed of Homo sapiens adapted to long-term Universe voyages.

Religious legends of the Karakalpak people (Article 2)
Bekimbetov A.M.
Karakalpak Research institute of Humanitarian Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

The article analyzes scientific works on the genesis of the Islamic religion, its influence on the religious culture of the peoples of the East, as well as the facts that despite the fact that the Islamic religion arose as a monotheistic religion at the beginning, it is considered as a religion of a syncretic nature, incorporating themselves the religious views of the peoples who adopted Islam and before the adoption of Islam. The author points out that even before the adoption of Islam, this religion was accepted by peoples with their state status, a stable social stratum, and rich traditions. This factor allows the author to conclude that “Islam influences the syncretic interpretation of pre-Islamic religious systems of many peoples and the formation of a culture known in the East under the terms “Arab culture” and “Muslim culture.” It is known that in the 7th century AD, Islam, founded by Muhammad, in subsequent periods the state religion of the Arab Caliphate and subsequently spreading to the regions conquered by the Arabs, was realized as a monotheistic religion. The author substantiates these opinions with the legends “Prophet Muhammad” and “Hakim Ulykhpan”.

Typology of Karakalpak lyroepic dastans
Maksetova F.A.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Humanitarian Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

The lyric-epic epics of the Karakalpak people, formed in the national environment of the Karakalpak people, stand out for their compositional structure, artistry and ideological originality, enriched with national epic content and plots. Lyric epics depict the friendship of peoples, the matchmaking of girls from another country, the violation of the boundaries of customs and traditions, making the work effective and meaningful. The plot devices of the epic are widely reflected in the works of the Karakalpak people, as well as among other peoples. Experts in music and conversation baksy performed a number of lyrical epics on dutar, and through the transition from master to student, they have survived to these days. In this case, the content of the epic poems is connected with the destinies of a girl and a boy who are in love with each other, telling about their painstaking efforts to achieve their goals. All difficulties and obstacles on the way to the goal are solved with the help of music and conversation. Karakalpak lyric epics have their own characteristics, starting with our linguistic characteristics, national characteristics of our living conditions, important aspects of our customs and traditions, national folk views, fruitful examples of the possibilities of folk thinking.

Stylization of transition from epic to drama (from «Alpamis» epic to «Alpamis» drama…)
Kutlimuratov B.Kh.
Tashkent University of Information Technologies Nukus branch

Within the broad epic genre of Karakalpak oral creation, the paper addresses the stylization of the move from epics to dramatic works. The significance of the subject is demonstrated by the fact that it is examined broadly in academic studies pertaining to literary analysis and creative production in Karakalpak. Along with the formation of new literary genres, mutual stylization processes between genres are evident in the Karakalpak literature of the 1920s and 1930s of the XX century. The way fairy tales, folk songs, myths, legends, and epic narratives are synthesized or transitioned into works of poetry, prose, and drama is one way we recognize them. Accordingly, the musical drama "Alpamis" by famous scientist, author, and playwright N.Dawqaraev was examined in this article in relation to the author's ability to create a new stage work while maintaining the concepts and motifs of the Karakalpak folk epic "Alpamis," so appropriate conclusions were formed.

Features of the composition and style of the writer's publicism
Abdimuratov A.U.
Karakalpak State University, Nukus

The text explores the characteristics and impact of publicistic works, with a focus on the writings of Tulepbergen Kaipbergenov, a notable figure in Uzbekistan and Karakalpakstan. It discusses how publicistic works possess completeness, expressiveness, and integrity, influencing audiences on rational and emotional levels. Kaipbergenov's journalism is highlighted for its artistry, observation, and philosophical depth, combining journalistic practice with literary talent. The text examines the importance of composition and style in publicistic works, citing examples from Kaipbergenov's writings. It emphasizes his use of imagery, parables, and folklore to engage readers and convey societal concerns effectively. Additionally, it discusses the emotional impact of Kaipbergenov's works and their resonance with readers. Overall, the text underscores Kaipbergenov's ability to address universal themes and connect with audiences through his publicistic writings.

Mastery of the story, reflecting the true essence of life in stories (The work of A.Azhimov)
Utambetova A.J.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Humanitarian Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

The article speaks about how in the Karakalpak prose with time the writer Y.Azimov manifests his contribution, based on the stories «Шопан кыздын даптери», «Жылдырым», «Макемеден бир адам» and «Лакап» written in the satirical genre, to compose a plot, a compositional construction of generational conflicts. It was also proved that the novel «Шопан кыздын даптери» is written in the form of literary heroic books, that the plot realism and attractiveness, disclosure of the truth, dialogues containing all kinds of physical and psychological images, internal monologues, examples of actions described in a confident state, as if in life, were appreciated, the novel «Жылдырым» describes the love path of the literary hero as a plot event.

Trends in the structure of poetic composition in Karakalpak lyrics
Tleuniyazova G.B.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Humanitarian Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

The article analyzes the processes and principles of the development of Karakalpak poetry after the 1990s, and the features of the composition of the work. It was determined that the socio-political conditions that arose in the historical and political life of the country, the influence of the global integration process and individual research of poets were the main factors of changes in the literary process. It is concluded that composition, as one of the main categories that ensure artistic integrity, has its own internal laws in the organization of the work in terms of content and form, therefore, in the development of poetic composition in Karakalpak lyric poetry, the composition of the overall work is improved according to these laws, according to which the composition of the poem changes in relation to to the individual researches of each poet.

The image of Ajiniyaz in the Karakalpak novel (analysis of literary, critical and scientific sources)
Nurzhanov P., Turdybayeva A.
Karakalpak State University, Nukus

This article discusses the creation of an artistic image of the famous Karakalpak poet Ajiniyaz in the Karakalpak novel. From this point of view, the place of K.Sultanov's novel "Azhiniyaz" in Karakalpak prose was considered, the characteristic style of the writer, his ability to extract the best lessons from preserved historical documents and narratives were considered. At the time when the novel was published, it was analyzed in literary and critical articles by such scientists as M. Nurmukhammedova, I. Sagitov, K. Khudaibergenov I.al., which contributed to the growth of the critical spirit, the development of polemical thinking in the Karakalpak literary process. The article also touches upon the issues of literary analysis of the novel "Azhiniyaz " by such authors as S.Akhmetov, S. Bakhadirova, A. Kozhikbayev, etc. As well as in the scientific works of H.Otemuratova carefully analyzed the meaning of the historical image, the issues of historical fact and artistic thinking, the originality of using an artistic source in creating the image of the poet, the problems of the writer's individual style.

The Genre of Fard and Masnevi in Modern Karakalpak Lyric Poetry (On the example of Turkmenbay Jiyemuratov's lyrics)
Sаrsеnbаеvа А.К.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Humanitarian Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of Academy of Sciences of Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

This article examines the minor lyrical genres in modern Karakalpak poetry. It explores the "fard" - concise poems consisting of a single beyt (stanza) and encapsulating a complete thought, with both lines rhyming - and the "masntvi," poems with brief or extensive content, where each couplet rhymes separately in the form of a-a, b-b, c-c, d-d. These genre features are analyzed through the work of karakalpak poet T. Jiyemuratov. The article analyzes the ideological, thematic, genre and stylistic features of fards and masnevis in the poet's work. Through numerous examples, it provides evidence that T. Jiyemuratov's poems titled "Fards" and "Masnevis" are rooted in the genres of fard and masnevi of Eastern poetry. It concludes that the poems, incorporating philosophical-aesthetic, didactic, and educational moral lessons akin to folk aphorisms, proverbs, and sayings, serve as a unique form of concise poetic conclusion.

Synthetic complex sentences in T. Qayipbergenov’s works
Seydullaeva D., Dauletmuratova H.
Nukus State Pedagogical Institute

In the article, we discussed the synthetic subordinate conjunctions commonly used in the Karakalpak language and their types according to their structure. The tools that form a synthetic subordinate clause either merge with the word functioning as the predicate or coordinate with it; in any case, they enter the composition of the predicate and connect the subordinate clause to the main clause, creating various meaningful relationships between them. The predicate of a synthetic subordinate clause is connected in three forms: through the suffixes of the state verb, causal meaning, and temporal meaning.

Positional types of affixes in the karakalpak language (interfixes and infixes)
Orazimbetov A.K.
Nukus State Pedagogical Institute

This article states that in world languages, there are several types of affix morphemes: suffix, postfix, prefix, inflection, interfix, infixes, circumfix, transfix, simulfix, dysfix, etc., depending on the position of the word in the word structure, and the degree of their use in different languages varies depending on the typological features of world languages. In modern grammar and textbooks of the Karakalpak languageis taught that there are only three or four types of affix morphemes, such as suffix, postfix, prefix, and inflection, depending on their place in the word structure, and at the same time, interfixes and infixes are also found in the Karakalpak language.Interfix is an auxiliary morpheme that performs the function of connecting morphemes, does not have the meaning of word modification and word formation, and infix is a relevant issue in language education, depending on the principles of defining morphemes and the definitions of their essential features.Stating that each of them requires additional research, the article gives theoretical definitions of interfixes and infixes and discusses them extensively with examples.

The study of the symbolism of color as a unique linguistic means in the description of anthropocentric characteristics
Khodjalepesova I.M.
University ORIENTAL, Tashkent

The article investigates lexemes, which nominate different colours and compose set expressions used to characterize a person and transfer information dealing with description of his/her appearance, age, character, inner state and interpersonal attitude. The author presents English, Uzbek and Karakalpak expressions with various colours and analyzes them from anthropocentric point of view. The symbolism of color in the description of a person and objects-phenomena of the surrounding reality has both similarities and differences in different linguistic cultures and this is due to the moral and religious, ethnospecific, socio-historical background of peoples and native speakers. Each of the studied languages has a peculiar meaning, symbolism and specifics of use. This specificity is especially evident in the description of a person, his age, appearance, social status, professional employment, personal characteristics and psychological conditions. Colors most colorfully and expressively create vivid and unique images, sometimes metaphorical and hyperbolic, bringing a “highlight” and “hitting the mark" in the description of anthropocentric characteristics.

The expression of antonyms of lexemas in Haydar Khorazmi's "Gulshan ul-asrar"
Tashmatova N.Ch.
Tashkent State University of Uzbek Language and Literature

This article classifies and analyzes the antonyms expressed in the masnavi "Gulshan ul-asrar" by Haydar Khorezmi, one of the mature representatives of our classical literature, who lived in Khorezm in the late 14th - early 15th centuries. Lexicalsemantic antonyms are abundantly used in the Masnavi, and functional-semantic antonyms are expressed in small quantities.