Determination of the spectral dependence of the quantum photoionization of the trapped electron in solid methylcyclohexane
Narymbetov B.Zh.1, Qunnazarov B.Zh.2, Madiyarov D.N.2, Sultanov Sh.T.2
1Karakalpak Research Institute of Natural Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus
2 Karakalpak State University, Nukus

In this paper, studies of induced conductivity and photoconductivity were carried out, in methylcyclohexane, at a temperature of 77 K, and the quantum yield of photoionization of the captured electron for the absorption band of 600-2200 nm was estimated. Based on this result, as well as the similarity of the shapes of the photoconductivity spectrum and the known absorption spectrum, the optical transition in this region of the spectrum is associated with the photoionization of the captured electron. Within the framework of the "bubble" model, as a trap for an electron in a solid nonpolar hydrocarbon, the spectral dependence of the dipole cross section from a localized state to a continuum is calculated. Satisfactorily agreement of the theory with the experiment was obtained with a photo-break threshold close to the experimental value of 0.44 ev and a trap depth of 1.6 ev. The radius of the "bubble" corresponding to these parameters is approximately equal to 4 A.

Features of the GaAs/ZnSe multilayer heterostructure
Ernazarov U.K., Atajanov B.H., Narymbetov B.Zh.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Natural Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

The paper discusses the results of X-ray diffraction studies of a multilayer GaAs/ZnSe heterostructure grown by discrete evaporation on a single-crystal GaAs substrate (001) that has previously undergone thermal vacuum treatment in the dissociative evaporation temperature range. Between the maxima (002) and (004) of the substrate and the multilayer heterostructure, maxima having different widths with weak intensity were found, and scattering of transition regions was attributed, where a superstructural ordering with an identity period equal to several monomolecular layers was formed. The approximate period of identity Tc = 1.41 nm and the average interplanar distance of a superstructurally ordered structure are determined. The identity period of the superstructure has a non-integer multiplicity of the lattice constants of GaAs and ZnSe compounds (T=(5/2) a=(5/2)). Superstructural formations have different lengths along the directions [110], and [001] of the substrate.

Seeder for sowing saxaul seeds
Auezov O.P., Khozhabaev N.M., Ibragimov J.I.
Karakalpak Agricultural and Agrotechnological Institute, Nukus

The article presents the modern problem of the Aral Sea, which needs to be solved urgently in the international plan, indicates the possibility of smoothing the negative consequences of the Aral Sea by forest plantations on the drained bottom of the sea. The analysis of the scatter method is given. The design of the existing SLP-5 seeder used in forest nurseries is analyzed, the disadvantages of which are the complexity of the design and the impossibility of its use for sowing seeds on large areas with wide rows and large intervals between them. Considering the above, a single-row seeder has been developed for sowing saxaul seeds. It consists of a frame, a seed box, two support-drive wheels. A seeding coil is installed at the bottom of the seed box. A lever is installed on the axis of the two support-drive wheels, which rotates the seeding coil once at each rotation of the wheels, thereby ensuring sowing seeds with an interval of length equal to the circumference of the support wheels. It is known that the problem of the Aral Sea in the international plan is among the priority tasks that need to be solved urgently, the consequences of which are continental in nature. Smoothing out the negative consequences of the Aral Sea can be achieved only by means of forest plantations on the drained bottom of the sea. Desert plants like kandym, saxaul and cherkez are used for this. Saxaul plantation fix the sands, reduce wind-borne sediments, improve water infiltration into the soil and improve its structure.

Assessment of the stress-strain state of the northern part of the Mezhdurechensk reservoir dam
Aimbetov I.K., Izimbetov E.T., Iskenderov B.K., Saparniyazov B., Bekmuratova P., Aimbetova Z.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Natural Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

The article presents the results of numerical calculations of the stress-strain state of the body and the base of the Mezhdurechensk reservoir dam in Muynak district. Calculations were carried out using PLAXIS computer programs. The calculation complex "PLAXIS 3D Foundation" was chosen for the calculations. Calculations were carried out for the case of flat deformation with full filling of the reservoir. Based on the results of calculations, drawings were constructed showing the distribution of vertical, horizontal stresses and vertical, horizontal displacements of the body and the base of the dam. Both compressive and tensile stresses arise in the body and at the base of the dam. The analysis of stress components showed that in the horizontal direction, the maximum and minimum effective stress values were 2.751 kN/m2 and -76.24 kN/m2, respectively. In the vertical direction, the maximum and minimum stress values were 0.886 kN/m2 and -137.4 kN/m2, respectively. The maximum and minimum horizontal movements were 2.66 and 0.15 cm, respectively.

Results of comparative tests on the type of wide grip aligner small leveler
Rasulzhonov A.R.1, Utepbergenov B.K.2, Kengesbaev R.B.2
1Scientific Research Institute of Agricultural Mechanization, Tashkent region
2 Karakalpak Institute of Agriculture and Agrotechnologies, Nukus

The article presents the results of comparative tests on the choice of the type of working surface of the mala leveler leveler. Based on the analysis of literary sources, in order to conduct comparative tests on the choice of the optimal type of equalizer, five equalizer variants with the same height were developed, their prototypes were made and tested. Based on the results of the comparison, the best performance was obtained using the equalizer of the 1st variant. Compared with other options, the level of soil compaction, that is, the number of fractions smaller than 25 mm, is higher by 2.5-9.4 and 2.4-9.6%, respectively, at speeds of 6 and 8 km/h, the average height of irregularities by surface of the field that the square deviation is ±0.08-0.51 and 0.09-0.53 cm, respectively, and the specific tensile strength is less by 0.12-0.35 and 0.13-0.43 kN/ m respectively.

Problems in the management of water distribution in the main canals according to the results of field studies
Saparov A.B.1, Jumanazarova A.T.1, Saparov B.B.2
1Karakalpak Institute of Agriculture and Agrotechnology, Nukus
2Nukus Mining Institute at the Navoi State Mining and Technology University

The article discusses the current state of water distribution of the main canals of the Republic of Karakalpakstan, we studied the Anasai main canal and its main distribution facilities, developed an analysis of the state of water distribution control in irrigation systems and a brief overview of the management strategies for water distribution of the main canal for irrigating crops. The demand for water consumption is growing in the world, changing climatic conditions are the main sources of the problem of shortage of water resources. The constant increase in the load of water transportation on irrigated fields becomes an urgent issue of research, improvement of methods and improvement of the quality of water distribution management in the main canal. Based on the results of field studies, the conditions for managing water distribution in the Anasai main canal are considered and an analysis is made of strategies for implementing control and management of water distribution that can be applied at the present time, but at the same time it is possible to focus on unsolved problems. As a result of field studies, the need to intensify the process of transition to the strategy of automated water distribution management in irrigation systems using mathematical models and modern tools has been substantiated. In the field of water distribution management in the main canals of irrigation systems, there are still a number of problems of both theoretical and practical nature, the solution of which requires a systematic approach using both traditional methods based on the solution of differential equations. In addition, a significant part of the proposed water distribution management strategies has not been implemented in practice and, as a result, their effectiveness has not been proven.

Key indicators and solutions for improving the energy efficiency of buildings
Allambergenov A.J., Tursinbekova E.P.
Karakalpak State University, Nukus

The article provides information on the problem of increasing the energy efficiency of buildings, energy efficiency classes, basic criteria and three-layer external enclosing structures with high performance that meet modern requirements. Three-layer external enclosing structures with high performance, meeting modern requirements, are connected in the form of reinforcing or fiberglass rods or frames with corrosion-protected flexible connections between the external and internal walls, laid in the horizontal joints of the walls, placed with a layer of heat-insulating material. A single-layer homogeneous wall consists of one material throughout its thickness. This material must perform the function of thermal insulation along with the carrier. The inner layer of a two-layer wall is load-bearing, the outer layer performs the function of thermal insulation. In a three-layer wall, the inner layer is subjected to load, the outer layer is for protection, the layer between them serves as thermal insulation.

Laboratory setup for the study of parameters organic fertilizer grinder
Abdurakhmanov А.А., Khadzhiev А.А.
Research Institute of Agricultural Mechanization, Tashkent region

Local application of fertilizers in the form of "targeted" plant nutrition improves the efficiency of their action and reduces the consumption of fertilizers per unit area. The SRIAM created a machine for the local application of manure in the fields intended for the cultivation of gourds. It is equipped with a finger breaker-grinder, the parameters of which have not been studied. To study the influence of its main parameters on the quality indicators of the process of vault destruction and manure grinding inside the bunker, which directly affects the manure dosing process, an experimental sample was made on the basis of this machine. At the same time, the drive from the power take-off (PTO) was changed to the drive from the support-drive wheels of the machine in order to ensure a synchronous change in the seeding rate depending on changes in the speed of movement of the unit. Four pairs of breakers-shredders with different numbers and lengths of fingers on the shaft were made. The fingers on the shaft are arranged in 6 rows. In each row (in one plane) the number of fingers varied from one to four. Their relative position is such that each next finger is rotated relative to the previous one by 60°, 90°, 120° and 180° (according to options). The length of the fingers can be changed from 200 to 300 mm in 50 mm intervals. The center distance of the breaker-shredders can be changed from 500 to 800 mm every 100 mm.

Effective ways to reduce the toxicity and smoke-generating ability of combustion products of wooden building materials
Abdukadirov F.B.1, Хаsаnоvа O.Т.2, Каmаlоv J.К.3, Bekniyazova G.J.3
1Toshkent University of Architecture and construction
2Toshkent State Technical University
3Karakalpak State University, Nukus

Some specific features of combustion and smoke formation of wood materials, as well as the toxicity of gases released during the combustion of wood have been studied. Some recommendations have been developed for choosing the type of wood in the production of building structures. It has been established that the concentration of the emitted smoke and its nature depend on the structural features and chemical composition of the combustible material. More than 100 compounds, products of incomplete combustion, were found in the flue gases generated during the combustion of wood, most of which are carcinogenic substances. Compounds have been identified that are released from wood components without changing them due to evaporation and subsequent condensation on soot particles or that are only partially changed during temperature increase. Ignition of wood can occur both from an open low-calorie source of ignition, and from heated objects or hot gases. When the temperature rises to 125°C, moisture quickly evaporates from the wood; after that, it begins to decompose with the release of combustible volatile substances. At temperatures above 210°C and the presence of an ignition source, these volatile substances ignite, the temperature rises and the process passes into an exothermic stage of combustion with a large release of heat.

Issues of protection of Geographical names of the Republic of Karakalpakstan as the objects of toponymical heritage
Baltabaev O.O.
Nukus State Pedagogical Institute

In the Republic particular attention is paid to standardization and the protection of historical names to the writing, principles of naming and renaming of the geographic objects, formation of official registers of geographical names, creating reference literature on toponymy, comprehensive study of the historical and cultural significance of places and translation of the names of place. The article is based on the need to recognize the geographical names, including the elements of an intangible cultural heritage of the region, taking into account their historical and cultural significance. The concept of the “Toponymical heritage” and the specific signs of the relevant place name are revealed. The names of the settlements of the Republic of Karakalpakstan are studied in detail in terms of the corresponding to toponomical heritage criteria and the regional structure of the Republican toponomical heritage was identified. Clear examples of the elements of toponomical heritage are analyzed on the frame of the districts of Beruni and Bozatau.

Features of the reproductive processes of the tolai hare (Lepus tolai) in the conditions of the Southern Aral region
Asamatdinova A.I.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Natural Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

In the current period of development of environmental science, much attention is paid to the problems of studying, preserving biodiversity and rational use of wild animal populations in the South Aral Sea region. The focus is on species of great hunting importance for the region. The latest studies of the mammalian fauna were carried out in the late 90s. XX century. The lack of special studies of the ecological characteristics of the tolai hare (Lepustolai) population in various habitats, as well as the impact of fishing on population dynamics, does not allow developing a strategy for the protection and use of the species. Tolai hare (LepusTolai) is one of the most significant animal species of desert, semi-desert biogeocenoses of Central Asia. Therefore, the study of its ecological features is of both practical and theoretical interest. Meanwhile, the ecological features of the population of the tolai hare in the territory of the South Aral Sea region have not yet been studied enough. In the region of the Southern Aral Sea, the tolai hare is distributed everywhere. In the Kyzylkum deserts, the tolai hare most often lives in hilly sands and depressions between hillocks, overgrown with shrubs, among sparse saxaul with saltwort and wormwood, in sandy massifs bordering irrigated and fallow lands. Usually the sandstone hare concentrates in summer near water bodies and springs, where it finds more favorable conditions for existence. The tolai hare in the southern Aral region is characterized by a wide eurytopicity and change of stations depending on seasonal changes in their feeding and protective properties.

Technology of growing African catfish (Clarias gariepinus, Burchell 1822) in aquaculture of Karakalpakstan
Temirbekov R.O., Musaev A.K., Israilova I.O.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Natural Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

The article presents the results of research conducted on the basis of the laboratory and in the fish farm "Qaraqalpaq aquaculture" on the shores of Lake Karateren in the Takhtakupyr region, where artificial ponds for growing fish have been created. The main research material was the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus), which was chosen by us as one of the promising species in aquaculture due to its unpretentiousness to the conditions of detention and the possibility of growing this fish product all year round due to the source of thermal water. 4 specimens of uterine African catfish were incubated, there are 2 males and 2 females. For reproduction of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus), the water temperature should be +18 to + 35°С and more than +18°С, for feeding more than +20°С. The optimum water temperature for incubation of eggs is +17—+ 32°С, and for incubation and growth +28—+30°С. As a result of the research, it was found that the African catfish easily adapts to the conditions of pool cultivation. It has a high resistance to oxygen deficiency and it is possible to grow it at a high planting density. It is resistant to high water turbidity, easy to propagate, resistant to diseases. Simple and profitable programs for feeding him have been developed.

The effectiveness of green spaces in shaping the external environment in cities and towns of Karakalpakstan
Grokhovatsky I.A.1, Otenova F.T.2, Otenov T.1, Ospanov A.J.1, Otenova Z.T.1
1Botanical Garden of the Karakalpak Scientific Research Institute of Natural Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus
2Nukus State Pedagogical Institute

The article presents the role of green spaces in the formation of the external environment. The appearance of the urban environment and settlements is primarily determined by their assortment. Types of green areas of cities are divided into three groups: general use, limited use, special purpose. The effectiveness of landscape gardening construction depends on the life span of plants. Green spaces clean the atmosphere from dust and gases. Dustretaining properties of woody plants are not the same. They depend on bio-morphological features. Green spaces significantly reduce the harmful concentration of gases in the air. The gasprotective role of green spaces depends on the degree of gas resistance of plants. Green plants play a huge role in enriching the environment with oxygen and absorbing the resulting carbon dioxide. The most important property of plants is the release of phytoncides. Phytoncides not only have immunological significance, but can serve as regulators of plant growth and development, participate in the processes of respiration, thermoregulation, etc. Mixed coniferous-deciduous plantations, as well as many flowering plants, improve the ionic regime of atmospheric air to the greatest extent. The protective role of plantings is determined by their density and location, as well as by the type of development. Noise reduction depends on crown density, foliage density, planting location. The shade from plantings protects a person from an excess of direct and reflected solar heat. The increase in the relative humidity of the air is associated with the evaporative capacity of the vegetation cover. By area, green areas have a significant impact on the microclimate of the territory. Taking into account the conditions of Karakalpakstan, should strive to expand the area of green spaces in cities and towns.

Еcological assessment of the dynamics of environmental quality and functional features of the organism of children in the conditions of the Aral Sea Region
Mirametova N.P.1, Mambetullaeva S.M.2
1Nukus State Pedagogical Institute
2Karakalpak Scientific Research Institute of Natural Sciences Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

The article discusses the issues of ecological assessment of the current state of changes in the composition of the environment as a risk factor for the health of the children's population of the Southern Aral Sea. The studies carried out make it possible to assess the degree of possible environmental risks to the health of children, as well as to determine the diseases that most significantly respond to changes in the environmental situation in the Aral Sea region. It has been established that in children of this age period, the most pronounced sinus arrhythmia occurs, which is apparently associated with the predominance of vagal-cholinergic influences on the activity of the heart. Note that all these changes occurred against the background of an increase in R-R intervals (meaning the average values of these indicators) with the age of the subjects. The conducted studies testify to the relationship between physical development and functional characteristics of the circulatory system in children born and living in the South Aral Sea region. High-quality and environmentally safe drinking water supply should be put forward as a top priority in the development of a system of measures aimed at improving the living conditions and health of children in the Aral Sea region. The data obtained are consistent with the results of a study by specialists and suggest that the circulatory system in children is very sensitive to adverse environmental factors in the South Aral Sea region, thereby reducing their adaptive capabilities and contributing to the formation of conditions for the development of diseases.

Changes in the chemical composition of soils during the development of gas fields in the south-west of the drained bottom of the Aral Sea
Zhollibekov M.B., Tleumuratova B.S., Urazimbetova E.P.
Karakalpak Scientific Research Institute of Natural Sciences Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

The article is devoted to the topical direction of modern research - environmental protection. The results of studying the influence of the development of gas fields on the dried bottom of the Aral Sea at the initial stage (2011-2012) on the chemical composition of soils are presented. The research area is a part of the territory of the Contract area of the project base of the Ustyurt Gas Chemical Complex, located in the south-west of the drained bottom of the Aral Sea. The scientific novelty of the work lies in taking into account the spatial dynamics of soil pollution (analysis of the dynamics of the chemical composition of soils depending on the distance from the source of pollution), the proposed method of gradient indication of the degree of pollution, based on a quantitative assessment of the spatial dynamics of pollution, the assessment of the summation effect using a normative characteristic - total concentration homogeneous pollutants.

Statistical analysis of previous and subsequent weather conditions during salt and dust storms on the drained bottom of the Aral Sea
Tleumuratova B.S., Urazimbetova E.P., Sultashov R.G.
Karakalpak Scientific Research Institute of Natural Sciences Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

This article provides a statistical analysis of the three-day dynamics of meteorological elements (air temperature and humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind speed) in order to identify meteorological patterns of salt and dust storms on the dried bottom of the Aral Sea. The daily dynamics of these 4 meteorological elements is considered separately, as the first stage of the necessary research to predict salt and dust storms. The difference between the standard data of meteorological stations a day before and during a dust storm is calculated, and then the distribution series of these differences is determined. The same procedure is performed for posterior weather conditions. In order to identify the characteristic values of meteorological elements during a dust storm, their distribution function is also calculated. The analysis used data on wind speed and direction, pressure, precipitation, humidity and air temperature. Mathematical expectation, series of distributions for all indicators were calculated. The long-term indicators of meteorological elements averaged over 3 days were also determined. The methods of statistical and synoptic analysis, the method of analogies, long-term data of standard meteorological measurements of the Aral weather stations, synoptic maps and images from an artificial Earth satellite were used.

New in the study of growth and development of cancer cells
Kabulov M.K.
Karakalpakstan Medical Institute, Nukus

This article provides annual world statistics on the incidence and mortality of the population from malignant neoplasms. More than 220 types of human cancer have been identified. We analyzed 10 features of the growth and development of cancer cells, including the most common forms: cancer of the lung, breast, stomach and uterus. The causative factors of the occurrence of malignant tumors of these localizations are described in detail. The mechanisms of viral carcinogenesis and the role of oncogenes are revealed. New data on the relationship between the body's immune system and the growth of tumor cells are presented. New discoveries in the field of immunooncology are outlined, namely, dendritic cell leukocytes and T-cell vaccines have been obtained, which activate the body's immune response. As a result of their use in clinical oncology in conjunction with chemoradiotherapy and surgical treatment using targeted therapy, it has contributed to improving the long-term survival of some cancer patients by 40%. In the foreseeable future, a deep study of immuno-oncology and molecular genetics will undoubtedly contribute to the successful fight against such a serious disease as cancer.

Methods for assessing the efficiency of innovations in the sector of services
Safarov F.А.
Samarkand Institute of Economics and Service

The article is devoted to the study of the effectiveness of innovations in the service sector. It presents scientific and theoretical approaches to this problem, criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of innovations in the service sector.A literature analysis on the topic of the study was conducted. For the process of integration or generalization of all assessments by a single criterion, the application of the method of Harrington's desirability function was proposed. The classification of criteria for assessing scientific, technical and innovation activities of the service enterprise on the basis of two groups of factors: resultant indicators and supply indicators was carried out. Based on the results of the theoretical part, the correlation-regression analysis based on statistical data was carried out. Where six main indicators characterizing the implementation of innovation in the service sector were identified as factors. These are "the volume of innovative products (goods, works and services) produced", "the cost of innovation", "the number of employees engaged in research and development", "the number of employees engaged in research and development with higher education", "the number of enterprises and organizations that implemented innovations", "the number of implemented innovations". As a result of the analysis, the properties and strength of influence of factors on efficiency were determined. Based on the results obtained, appropriate conclusions were drawn.

The level of impact of irregular costs on the formation of profits in the production of raw cotton
Shamshetova D.S.
Karakalpak State University, Nukus

The article provides an analysis method for agricultural enterprises (farms) that have limited financial, operational leverage and produce raw cotton in a given area at established prices for the purchase of products by calculating the possible level of profit based on the actual costs of producing raw cotton. For this purpose, criteria and indicators of the level of direct and indirect (irregular) costs have been developed, also the calculation of costs and crop losses, allowing farmers to make more specific management decisions in order to maximize profits. In order to assess the profitability of costs and their levels of influence on the formation of profits in the production of raw cotton were experimentally determined the average indicators of normalized (direct) and irregular (indirect) costs for the production of 1 ton of raw cotton in 5 farms. It has been established that the formation of profit in the production of raw cotton is greatly influenced by indirect irregular costs for biological and chemical methods of plant pest control. Taking into account the limited productivity in the soil and climatic conditions of the region, the annual increase in prices for resources, services of service organizations and wages, and also based on the significance of indirect costs, it is recommended that the Clusters annually adequately increase purchase prices due to additional costs or subsidies of additional costs during the processing of raw materials in subsequent periods of time.

The influence of railways on the economic development of Russian Turkestan and British India
Alimdjanov B.A.
Institute of Oriental Studies of the Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, Tashkent

The article analyzes the construction of the Russian and British empires of railways in the Turkestan General Government and British India. The Russian and British empires were actively building railroads in their colonies, but the methods of investing in this area were very different from each other. The Russian administration spent public funds on the construction of railways, and the British shifted all the costs to the Anglo-Indian budget in the form of public debt, creating a profitable enterprise for large private investors. Railroads - made it easier for the metropolises to master the geographical space of the colonies, and stimulated the production of export crops. She also modernized the appearance of the cities of the colonies and created the conditions for external and internal exchange and an increase in passenger flow within the empire. The metropolis spent huge amounts of money for the construction of railways, realizing that the railway infrastructure would quickly pay off and tightly tie the economic life of the colony to imperial interests. The author, based on archival documents and newspaper articles, explains the reason for the construction of railways in the colonies. The author uses a comparative method to understand the essence and characteristics of the economic policy of Russia in Central Asia and Britain in India.

Representation of Modern Islamic practices in Education in the Turkestan
Khalilova Z.E.
Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent

The accelerating development of Turkestan at the early of the 20th century led to the modernization and transformation of society with existing Islamic traditions. In particular, the novelty in the educational system contributed to the development of science, the dissemination of knowledge and its use in society, on the other hand, this led to the gradual secularization of traditional teachings. In this process, the government began to open schools in the country through special government financial bursaries. In these institutions created not only children of Russian nationality participated, but also children of the local population (native, Sart or indegenious). Such an instrument of assimilation means that the non-Russian population must be brought up in kinship with the roots of Russian culture and civilization. Local progressives showed great respect for such schools. From 1884 this kind of schools were called Russian-indegenous. With the opening of Russian-type schools, the participation of local Muslim children in these schools increased, since the presence of a “Muslim” class and local mudarris in such schools is manifested in the increased confidence of the population in such schools.The paper highlights the education policy of the Russian administration in Turkestan and the diversity views of local Muslims to the school system. Also, the article is considered content and basis of school textbooks, which was used in Russian-indigenious and new method schools.

Karakalpak Fergana: in the past and present (analysis of field studies)
Atakhanov R.S.
Andijan Mechanical engineering Institute

In this article, by the will of historical destinies, the past and future of the fraternal Karakalpak people living outside the territory of Karakalpakstan, in particular in the Ferghana Valley, are considered. Separately, it is worth noting that the Fergana Karakalpaks have been actively participating in ethno-cultural processes with local Uzbeks in a different ethnic environment for many years. The relocation of the Karakalpaks to the valley and their very placement shows that they have a special traditional type of farming. The integrated nature of the cattle-breeding, agricultural and fishing economy allowed the Karakalpaks to settle along the Syrdarya River and build their villages there. In the article, based on the analysis of scientific research on this topic and on the basis of ethnographic field information, the Karakalpak villages, their way of life and the population dynamics of some villages of the Fergana Karakalpaks from the time of resettlement to the territory of the valley to the present day were highlighted. Also, the article shows individual villages, called the Karakalpak ethnonym, the preservation of the principles of their settlement on a tribal-communal basis, the processes of interethnic integration, as well as ethnic identity and general aspects of the material and spiritual culture of the Uzbek-Karakalpak way of life.

Tradition "Aydar shash" at the Karakalpak
Turekeev K.Zh.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Humanitarian Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

This article provides information about the tradition of the Karakalpak "aydar shash" hair style - leaving a strand of hair on the top of the newborn during the ceremony, which was performed at the end of forty days. For many years, the author has been conducting research on the study of the aydar shash hair style tradition. So it was revealed that in the 19th century this strand of hair was called differently, as evidenced by the word “gulfak”, captured in the works of classical poets, but finally lost among the population. In the course of field studies conducted in 2012-2019, it was possible to observe that a strand of hair on the top of the child's head is preserved mainly until the sunnat-toi festival held in connection with circumcision, or until the moment they enter school. However, historical and folklore information and field research materials confirm that aydar shash hair style is left on the crown of the child, mainly in families where there have been several child deaths in a row, so the votive strand is not cut off until the wedding. Being, as it were, a magical amulet against evil spirits, this strand of hair often grows until adulthood. Like the Karakalpaks, this custom is widespread among the Uzbeks, Tajiks, Turkmens and other ethnic groups. Field studies have shown that the Aydar shash hair style tradition is observed not only for boys, but also for girls. Having an archaic character, this custom embodies ancient ideas and religious beliefs, which are based on the magical belief of protecting the child from untimely death and the preservation of his health.

The traditions of sovchilik among the Uzbeks of Karakalpakstan and related customs
Khodjanov M.I.
Karakalpak Research Institute for the Humanities of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

Uzbeks living in Karakalpakstan also have a pre–wedding wedding custom - sovchilik, that is, they are representatives of the groom who ask for the consent of the bride's parents. There are some peculiarities in such customs among the Uzbeks living in the regions of Karakalpakstan. Special attention is paid to this custom, and the groom's relatives, who are older, have seen a lot and are experienced, go to this. As for the traditions of matchmaking, there is a tradition according to which the groom's ambassadors take an odd amount of bread with them when they ask for a girl. Among the Karakalpaks, like many peoples, bread is considered sacred, during the ceremony the newlyweds break bread in pairs, and in some villages the bride and groom bite bread, this means that young people lead a life full of risk and taste. In the course of studies of the sovchilik custom, in the Kungirod, Shumanai and Kanlikul districts, we were convinced that there is a ritual called "zhabyy". That is, among the Uzbeks of this region, during the Maslahat Oshi ceremony, the parties of the bride and groom agree on the amount of the bride's ransom. Among the regional Uzbeks, the upper part of the "chimildik" (the curtain that is installed in the bride's room) was mainly sewn from red and white fabric, and the middle and lower part from various pieces of fabric. It was made by older women, respected in society, married, having many children and living happily. Uzbek brides living in the south of Karakalpakstan, along with white dresses, wear traditional "silk" dresses – "shoya".

History of the archaeological study of Paikend
Saparov N.Zh.
Karakalpak Research Institute for the Humanities of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

L.A. Zimin started the archaeological study of the ancient city of Paikend in 1913. The first scientific excavations were carried out In 1939–40 under the management of A.Yu. Yakubovsky with the participation of V.N. Kesaev. The joint archaeological expedition of the Institute of Archeology of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the State Hermitage Museum has carrying out large-scale systematic excavations since 1981. Paikend was chosen as an ideal object for studying the early medieval city in the Bukhara oasis. The research was intended to shed light on the history of this famous city, and to reveal the local features of the urban culture of the Sogdians of the lower Zeravshan. The main areas of study are the next: the citadel, fortification, residential areas of the early and advanced Middle Ages, and the suburban area. During the excavations, the city street network was added to the main aims. The article highlights the main results achieved in the course of field research. Excavation materials are regularly published in serial “The Bukhara archeological expedition materials” and in specialized publications. In 1988, the monographic study based on the results of the first years of excavations was published. Two international conferences held in 2010 and 2011 were an important stage in summarizing the materials and understanding the results of Paikend's research. In 2002, the Museum "History of Ancient Paikend" was opened. At present, approximately 12 percent of the area inside the city walls has been excavated. Thus, Paikend is one of the most well-studied Sogdian cities.

Place and role of non-governmental non-profit organizations in the development of civil society
Bayryeva A.K.
Karakalpak State University, Nukus

The article talks about the relationship between representative authorities and institutions of civil society, the influence of non-governmental non-profit organizations on democratic development, the processes of formation of non-governmental non-profit organizations and the procedure for their operation. Inadequacies in the implementation of the norms established by the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Non-Governmental Non-Commercial Organizations" are also taken into account. Also, special emphasis is placed on the mechanisms of strengthening cooperation of non-governmental non-profit organizations with the state and its bodies, special attention is paid to the activities of non-governmental non-profit organizations established in our country, measures to be taken for their development, and legal bases to be created.

Superstitious signs as a genre of folkloristics
Palymbetov K.S.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Humanitarian Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Asademy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

The article is devoted to the small genre of folklore as superstitions. It has been proven in science that such genres as proverbs, incantations and spells, winged words and expressions, short stories, lamentations, thanksgiving, spells, blessings, riddles, fortune-telling, prejudices, etc. - belong to paremiological genres. The article also reveals how, over the centuries, people, observing the various superstitions that exist in their lives, experienced them on themselves, and, thanks to this experience, revealed their connection with predictions of the future, their influence on the events of reality, thanks to this experience, people distinguished black from white, good from evil. The author notes that superstitions, in structure and content, express such feelings and inner experiences of people as faith, hope, fear, various signs and predictions, their intentions; and differ from other genres of folklore in their features and originality. And the author confirms all this with examples, and gives a scientific assessment. It is also explained here that there are two types of superstition, good and bad. An indispensable component of the folk tradition has become, for example, such rituals as naming children, rituals associated with the fact that the child turns 40 days old from the moment of birth, his first swaddling and laying in a “besik” cradle, the performance of a lullaby, rituals associated with the child’s first steps – “t?sau kesiu”, circumcision, “aydar-toy” : haircut “aydar”, that is, strands of hair on the crown of the head - a kind of amulet from the evil eye; wedding feast, “bet-ashar” - a rite of acquaintance of the bride with her husband's relatives; rituals associated with seeing off a girl leaving her father's house, anniversaries, burial ceremonies, etc., which were very widely used. Various customs and traditions associated with happy and sad events in people's lives gave rise to numerous superstitions formed on the basis of their beliefs and views.

Reflection of the era of matriarchy in the form of female heroes
Zaripova Z.S.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Humanities Sciense Karakalpak Branch Academy Sciense of the Academy Sciense of Uzbekistan, Nukus

This article presents epic information about the positions of brave girls in the economic sphere in the Karakalpak heroic epics. The influence of mothers of goddesses, mothers Uran and rulers in the formation of heroic images in Karakalpak epic works is mentioned. And also, examples are given in epic works reminiscent of the era of matriarchy. The images of brave girls are compared with images in other national works. Attached are scientific opinions and solutions of foreign and local researchers. Reflections of the era of matriarchy are told in the images of brave girls who are the main characters in Karakalpak heroic works. The images of brave sisters are narrated in the Karakalpak epics as “Kyz palwan”, “Gulnah?r” and “Bazirgen”, which is included in the cycles of the “Gorug’ly” dastan. Compared with similar images in the Greek mythology "Iliad" the work of Homer. The actions of the main characters in the epics "Kyz palwan" and "Bazirgen" are considered. An opinion is given about their duels with the murderers of their brothers. In the event of a defeat or conviction that his strength was superior to that of a girl, they agreed to marry him or simply forgave their guilt and became relatives. Fights of brave girls are mentioned as a transition from one age category to another, more precisely, achieving their perfection.

Motives and plots of fairy tales in fantastic works
Oteniyazov P.J.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Humanitarian Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

National features, culture, spirituality, customs of all peoples are included in the folklore works of the world. Among them, folk tales occupy a special place in the education of the younger generation. Children, listening to folk tales from an early age, receive an example of courage and courage, understand the world figuratively in accordance with goodies. Children develop ideas about the epic places and times that are told in fairy tales. This will improve children's knowledge and imagination. The main themes of fairy tales are as follows: good and evil, loyalty and betrayal, work and laziness, peace and war, mind and stupidity, light and darkness, etc. In philosophical science there is the concept of dualism. Dualism is a theory or concept. It has two fundamental forces, the laws of nature acting against each other. Such ideas about the struggle for survival are well preserved in almost all folk tales of the world. Fairy tales, in folklore works, are preserved in content, only the form changes. Many writers and poets use folklore samples in their works. Well-known playwrights, screenwriters, directors effectively use motifs and plots from folklore works. Motives and plots from myths, legends and fairy tales are especially common in world-famous Hollywood films. In particular, fairy-tale motifs are widely used in American science fiction films. The article analyzes the common similarities, motives, connections and features of folk tales and fantastic works.

Specific genre features of historical legends (on the example of Karakalpak, Uzbek and English folklore)
Elmuratov R.Kh.
Karakalpak State University, Nukus

Legends, which include part of the folklore heritage, are one of the main genres of oral creativity of the Turkic peoples. In the world science of folklore and literary criticism, a large number of works have been published on the definition of theoretical descriptions of legends. As you know, one of the main genres of folk art is that historical events are preserved to a certain extent in legends, which creates some opportunities for us to understand and learn about our past history, our primordial national culture, our literature. It is known that in modern world folklore a structural-semantic concept is developing, which is aimed at identifying and classifying the specifics, genre features of folklore-epic genres, i.e. fairy tales, myths, legends, etc. features from all sides, is the basis for the classification of folklore genres, plot and motives. On the basis of this concept, one of the epic genres of Turkic folklore can become a theoretical basis for a comparative definition of issues of the artistic significance of legends. Therefore, in this article we have tried to identify the unique genre characteristics of legends, which is one of the genres of folklore, by comparing Turkic and Western English folklore.

Merger of the author's and lyrical "I" in the poetic works of Askarbay Azhinyazov
Bekbergenova Z.U.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Humanitarian Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of Academy of Sciences of Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

The article analyzes the problem of artistic expression of the author's and lyrical "I" in the poetry of the talented poet Askarbay Ajiniyazov on materials related to the life and work of the writer. Askarbai Ajiniyazov is a teacher of chemistry and biology by profession. However, due to his interest in fiction throughout his career, he worked as a lead editor in the media and publishing houses "Karakalpakstan" and "Bilim". During the life of the poet, a collection of poems "Brothers" (1992) and nonfiction books "Shahaman's Chain Soups" (1996) were published. After his death, poetry collections "Deposit" (2009), "Wanderer song" (2015) were published based on his manuscripts, stored in the home archive and collected from the population. The poet's lyrical poems, ballads and poems dedicated to innocent childhood, youth, love, country and homeland, nature and other topics were published in these books. In poetic works related to the creative laboratory of the author, the problem of the author and the lyrical "I" is generalized on the example of the creative environment, creative psychology and lifestyle of the poet, and is studied within the framework of his literary works. The conclusions of scientific research are of great importance in discovering new aspects of the creator's personality.

Poetic repetitions in the creative laboratory
Tleuniyazova G.B.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Humanitarian Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of Academy of Sciences of Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

This article highlights one of the key problems of the writers' creative laboratory - the question of the artistic function of the details, motifs and images that are often repeated in the work, and the artistic intention that the poet pursues when using them. Repetition of a motive, image or detail in the aesthetic nature of a verse is also one of the types of repetition, when a frequently repeated detail, motive or image becomes the leitmotif of the verse. In the article, these issues are analyzed on the example of B.Genzhemuratov's lyrics. In the process of considering the images and details repeated in several works of the poet, the images and details that arose in his poetry from folklore images, as well as a result of individual searches, were revealed. In particular, there is a repetition of the images of Apple, Grapes, Peach, Cherry, Garden, Swan, Flower, Autumn, Cloud, Leaf, Crane. They were processed in the poet's creative laboratory and used, while acquiring new artistic qualities. The author comes to the conclusion that such poetic repetitions form the basis for a holistic study of the evolution of the lyrical hero, which can be assessed as the poet's search for poetry.

Vital reality in the works of the writer Kenesbay Smamutov
Bekbergenova A.U.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Humanitarian Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of Academy of Sciences of Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

The article deals with the issue of mastery and artistic representation in the works of the famous writer K.Smamutov. The author draws attention to the short stories of the writer «The Lark», «The Child», «The Simpleton's Father», about which famous scientists once expressed critical arguments. In the above-mentioned works, the theme is correctly chosen, and the author highly appreciates in his article the skill of the writer, his success in plotting, in finding details. The article notes that in the works of the writer «The Child», «The Simpleton's Father», the inner monologue, the reflections of the characters occur on the basis of the problems of public life of that period. The author notes that through the expression of his attitude to the inner experiences of the characters, the reality of that period is aimed at a deep disclosure of the connection between the inner world of the hero and the events of external life, and also in the novel «The Child» the drama is built in the right direction, meets the requirements of the genre. At the same time, the author expresses his opinion and suggestions regarding the scientific analysis of the work «The Lark» by the famous scientist, Doctor of Philology, Professor K.Zharimbetov and researcher D.Kamalova. The author notes that the research and study of the works of the writer K.Smamutov in literary science is one of the urgent tasks of today.

Expression of psychological time in lyrics
Zinatdinova G.I.
Karakalpak State University, Nukus

In the article, using the example of modern Karakalpak lyrics, the problem of artistic time, which is a structural part of the category of chronotope, is studied, in particular the problem of psychological time. Psychological time is the time in the "stream of consciousness", reflecting inner feelings, forgiveness, responding to "external" events, and its expression is associated with the aggravation and intensification of psychologism in a work of art. The article confirms that psychological time is of great importance in providing lyrical forgiveness, such as the awakening of love in a person’s heart, turning it into a strong feeling, joy, sadness, experiences, achieving the goals of a lyrical hero, being happy or suffering because of an unfulfilled dreams. Psychological time is expressed in lyrics by grammatical categories (past, present and future tense forms), lexical units, grammatical forms. In modern Karakalpak lyrics, the category of the present tense is distinguished by its complexity, while the past tense is given in most cases in the form of memoirs of a lyrical hero. These features of psychological time are revealed in the article. For the purpose of in-depth study of the problem, the author draws on the scientific and theoretical conclusions of Russian, Uzbek, Karakalpak literary critics. To substantiate scientific and theoretical conclusions, the works of famous Karakalpak poets I.Yusupov and Sh.Seitov were analyzed.

Peculiarities of expressing lyrical of character in love lyrics (on the example of women's poetry)
Alieva Kh.R.
Karakalpak State University, Nukus

This article is devoted to the study of love lyrics by M.Zhumanazarova and P.Myrzabaeva. Differences in the national mentality in the love lyrics of M.Zhumanazarova and P.Myrzabayeva are compared with the works of representatives of the Uzbek and Russian peoples F.Aruz, G.Aitova, A.Akhmatova. The characteristic features of the lyrical hero in expressing his feelings in love lyrics, as well as the poetess M.Zhumanazarova "Forgive love", "Leave me alone", "Love does not leave my heart", "When you see her", "Oh love”, “Your love is empty”, “If a woman loves ...” and other songs, P.Myrzabaeva “And even if we meet early”, “He told me, you are forgotten”, “It spread into a gray cloud”, “They say you left without me”, “Days with you in my heart”, “Widow’s monologue”, “Eighteen years old”, “Curtain on your glass”, “Give me some happiness”, “My sister”, others were analyzed. The artistic poetics of the love lyrics of poets was also studied. The article highlights the preciousness of love, joy and sadness, sweet breaths and painful ways, dreams and the peculiarities of his love feelings in the lyrics of M.Zhumanazarova. And in the direction of P.Myrzabaeva, it is assumed that the feelings of the lyrical heroine are given, who yearns for her beloved, not being able to reach out to each other.

The problem of studying of the Karakalpak historical novel
Utemuratova H.K.
Karakalpak Research Institute of the Humanities of the Karakalpak branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

The article discusses the problems of the historical novel of writers in Karakalpak literature and their laws for the development of prose. The stylistic features of each writer are noted. The article is devoted to one of the urgent problems of the Karakalpak literary criticism. The author defines the searches of writers T.Kaipbergenov, K.Mambetova, K.Karimov, W.Bekbaulov, A.Sultanov, A.Sadykov and K.Sultanov. The definition of the individual style of each of the prose writers is of great importance. The article put forward the current problem of literary criticism. The author has achieved scientific and practical conclusions on the problem. The article also refers to the foreign writers of the R.Jovanolly and Alfred de Vigny. Corresponding conclusions about the heroes and their images were made. This article contains writers' contributions to the development of Karakalpak historical prose. A review of works devoted to the historical novel is given.