About one Markov model of monomolecular reactions
Sedov S.S., Ismailov D.M., Kamalova N.N.
Almalyk branch of National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”

Currently, a variety of mathematical modeling methods are widely used in various applications describing chemical processes. Some stochastic models of chemical reactions rely on the theory of Markov processes. Due to the peculiarities of certain chemical reactions, it is the Markov property that makes it possible to form a mathematical model that most fully describes this process. The traditional approach to the analysis of Markov models is the compilation and solution of Kolmogorov differential equations. In this paper, the Markov model of monomolecular reactions is introduced, using the example of iron allotropy. The analysis of the model includes solving the system of Kolmogorov’s differential equations. Restoration of the desired functional dependencies is carried out using Laplace transforms. The data obtained as a result of modeling are interconnected by an exponential dependence. A change in the mass of iron modifications at a random time is predicted.

Investigation of N2O- ion formation during radiolysis of nitrous oxide solution in liquid hydrocarbon by photoconductivity method
Narymbetov B.J., Kunnazarov B.J.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Natural Sciences of Karakalpak Branch of the Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, Nukus
Temirbaeva I., Madiyarov D.
Karakalpak State University, Nukus

Measurements of electrical conductivity induced by a pulse of high-energy electron braking radiation and a pulse of light in the spectral range from 360 to 900 nm in a solution of N2O in liquid isooctane were carried out. In this spectral region, photoconductivity was detected at a light intensity less than 1021 photons cm2 sec-1. The magnitude of the photocurrent Iph decreased with an increase in the delay time td between the electron pulse and the light pulse with a characteristic time Tph ?7•10-4 sec at T=296K, weakly dependent on the concentration of N?O when it changes from 1014 to 1015 cm-3. It is assumed that the occurrence of a photocurrent is associated with the photo separation of an electron from the N?O- ion, and the decrease in Iph with an increase in td is mainly determined by the stability of this ion. Based on the temperature dependence of Тph, the dissociation energy of the N?O – ion in isooctane is estimated to be 0.5 ± 0.1 ev. The dependence of Тph on the concentration of nitrous oxide is associated with the reaction N?O- + N?O, which leads to the death of ions with a rate constant of 1 ? 10-12 cm3 sec-1. By studying the electrical conductivity induced by an electron pulse, the rate constant of the electron capture reaction by a nitrous oxide molecule was determined equal to (1.5 ± 0.4) ? 10-8 cm3 sec-1.

Programming matrix operations and solving certain equations with their usage
Atadjanov H.L.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Natural Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus
Awezova R.K., Pirjanov N.B.
Karakalpak State University, Nukus

This article deals with the programs in algorithm language C#, on matrix operations, such as transposition, addition, subtraction, multiplication and finding the inverse of the matrix. These programs made to solve a system of linear algebraic equations, also carry out Cauchy tasks for the Sobelev type of equations. This program has an easy-to-use interface and works with all types of computers installed with Microsoft .Net Framework SDK. This article speaks on algorithms which performs matrix operations. Taking into consideration, that the production of the inverse matrix on the original matrix is identity matrix, so in order to find the inverse of the matrix, the solution get from system of linear equations is carried out by Gauss method. For performing operations on matrix, has been applied numerical solution of differential equation with partial derivatives, which is to be the model of heat conduction. Has been used differential scheme with high order of approximation. If an exact solution of the task is given, so the installed program compares the numerical solutions, which has defined by the differential scheme with correct solution, meanwhile finds difference between them, that is incorrect solutions are also detected. All results are displayed on an Excel sheet. This facilitates further survey carried out by the researcher. The correctness of the given program operation has been checked on the special test models.

Assessment of soil salinization in the Nukus district
Aimbetov I.K., Iskenderov B.К.
Karakalpak Scientific Research Institute of Natural Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

The results of geoecological engineering studies of salinization of soils of the Nukus district of the Republic of Karakalpakstan to the groundwater level are presented. The results of observations of changes in the groundwater level of the district are presented. It has been established that an increase in the level of groundwater leads to additional salinization of soils, which worsens the ecological situation of the areas. According to the results of research using GIS technologies, maps-schemes of salinization of soils of the district were compiled. Studies have shown that the soils of the territory of the Nukus district are saline and mainly belong to the sulfate and chloride-sulfate types of salinization. According to the degree of salinity, soils belong to the saline type. It is established that the most saline soils are located between the channels Doslyk and Tas Arna and on the left bank of the channel Tas Arna. It has been established that the territory of the village Akmangit belongs to the chloride type of salinization. The area around the village of Akmangit is salted with sulfate-chloride salts. Recommendations are given for reliable design and reconstruction of buildings and structures on saline soils of the Nukus district. It is proposed to build a new innovative drainage system to reduce the negative impact of salts on buildings and structures.

Engineering-geological zoning of the calculated soil resistance of the Nukus
Bekimbetov R.Т.
Karakalpak Scientific Research Institute of Natural Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

The article presents the results of studies of the calculated resistance of soils lying at a depth of 1.0 m alluvial soils of the city of Nukus. Using the formula of the normative literature, the calculated resistances of soils lying at a depth of 1.0 are calculated. The calculations were made using the materials of archival materials of archival materials of local survey organizations. Calculations were carried out for the width of the foundations 1.0; 1.2; 1.4 and 1.6 m. Calculations were carried out for 138 points located in various parts of the city of Nukus. Intervals of change of values of calculated resistance of soils of sands, sandy loams, loams and clays for a depth of 1.0 are established. The results of calculations of the calculated pressure of soils lying at a depth of 1.0 m and the width of the foundation of 1.0, 1.2, 1.4 and 1.6 m showed that the highest values of the calculated pressure of soils are observed in the southern and northeastern parts of the city. It has been established that the foundations of shallow foundations of buildings, with a depth of 1.0 m of the foundation sole, are sands, sandy loams, loams of alluvial origin. The results of calculations of the calculated resistance of soils have shown that the most favorable basis for foundations of shallow foundations of buildings, structures in Nukus by the value of the calculated resistance of the underlying soil layer at a depth of 1.0 m of the foundation sole are alluvial sands.

Channel deformations on river sections with bridge crossings
Baymanov K.I., Kosbergenova N.M.
Karakalpak State University, Nukus

The article analyzes the results of theoretical and field studies of riverbed deformations of different types of rivers at bridge crossings, reveals a noticeable change in the riverbed at the bridge crossing during the operation of bridges, shows the need to take them into account in the design of the structure by determining the qualitative and quantitative forecast of possible channel deformations dangerous for bridge supports and floodplain embankments. It is established that the presence of structurally moving sediment masses, the shape and nature of the movement determines the main deformations of the riverbed, as well as the degree of impact of the riverbed flow on engineering structures. The process of continuous deformation of riverbeds in the areas of bridge crossings of the Amudarya is analyzed in accordance with field studies, and recommendations are given on changes in the depth and width of the river in order to design, build and operate bridge crossings across plain rivers. These recommendations play an important role in the design of bridge crossings that will be built on the Amudarya in the future.

Analysis of factors affecting car noise on Sharof Rashidov avenue in Jizzak and methods of organizing noise protection
Azimov A.
Jizzakh Polytechnic Institute

This article analyzes the increase in noise on highways, the causes of noise. The harmful effects of noise on roads and the environment have been studied. The factors influencing the occurrence of traffic noise and its increase were studied using the example of Sharof Rashidov Avenue in Jizzakh. Sources of vehicle noise and factors affecting it have been measured in accordance with international regulations. Based on the results, the influence of indicators of speed, intensity and noise of vehicle traffic on the investigated main street was determined and analyzed. The graph of the influence of the speed of movement on the noise on the roads has been drawn up, the main indicators of which are determined in real road conditions. With the increase in traffic, there was a parallel increase in road noise. Noise levels have been found to increase due to the presence of trucks on city streets and old-fashioned cars produced in the last century. The maximum noise level was determined at points with a high noise level on the track and its causes were investigated. Also, the most effective methods of organizing road noise protection were identified and analyzed. Based on this, this article has developed effective methods for organizing noise protection on city streets and highways and presented the main solutions to the problems.

Kinematics and morphology of a stream constrained by a combined dam with a through part of tetrahedrons
Bakiev M.R., Halimbetov A.B., Yakubov Q.T., Maalem N.
Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers
Asamatdinov I.Zh.
"Gosvodkhoznadzor" in the Republic of Karakalpakstan, Nukus

The construction of a combined dam with a through part of tetrahedrons has been developed. This kind of construction eliminates the main disadvantages of waterproofing and permeable dams, namely the depth of local washing and the bypass flow from the point where the dam meets the shorelines. Experimental and theoretical research has been conducted. Physical processes were established. The solution for the case where the ratio of the length of the permeable part of the dam to the length of the entire dam is less than 0.5 was given in our previous article. In this article, the solution is given for a case where this ratio is greater than 0.5. The experiments revealed the formation of satellite flow in the water-permeable part of the dam, the formation of a low-impact core and two turbulent interference zones, in which the velocity propagation is universal and obeys the theoretical laws of Shlikhting-Abramovich. The article solves the problem for a "quiet" mode. In this case, the problem is solved by applying the integral expression describing the law of conservation of momentum in the flow, the equation of conservation of flow and the differential equation of uneven motion written for the satellite flow behind the permeable part of the dam. Expressions are proposed to calculate the velocity in the compression shaft, the average velocity and depth in the satellite flow, and the velocities in the core and satellite flow. In contrast to the existing solutions, the presence of satellite flow, two turbulent interference zones, main and satellite currents with different water level slope is taken into account. The comparison of theoretical solutions with experimental studies gave satisfactory results.

General characteristics and biological features of representatives of the Family Orobanchaceae, growing in the Republic of Karakalpakstan
Berdimbetova G.E., Orazova Sh.Sh.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Natural Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

The article presents data on the general characteristics and biological features of representatives of the family of Orobanchaceae from the genera Orobanche and Cistanche, growing on the territory of the Republic of Karakalpakstan on the basis of information analysis of scientific and popular scientific publications. According to the publication, 13 species of the Orobanche plant and 9 species of the Cistanche plant are found on the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan. On the territory of the Republic of Karakalpakstan there are 3 species of the plant Orobanche (Orobanche), 4 species of the plant Cistanche (Cistanche). The cistanche plant has been known in traditional Chinese medicine for almost 2000 years. Locals call it roucongrong - zhou-tsung-zhong. An informational analysis of representatives of the family of the Orobanchaceae growing in Karakalpakstan has been carried out, which determines that they are quite relevant parasitic weeds that cause significant harm to agricultural crops. The distribution of biological features has been studied, which can serve as a basis for the development of agrotechnical measures to combat infestations. In addition, given their useful properties as a raw material resource for obtaining various medicinal herbal remedies for medical and pharmaceutical purposes, it is safe to say that in the future they will attract the due attention of local scientists for their in-depth comprehensive and comprehensive research.

Features of reducing the fire hazard of building polymeric materials and structures
Kamalov J.K., Aytjanov O.Dj.
Karakalpak State University, Nukus
Mukhamedgaliev B.A.
Toshkent Institute of Architecture and Сonstruction

In work are considered some aspects of the syntheses and using new polyphunctionals modifier on base phosphor containing join got on base phosphorits Central Kizilkum and tertiary phosphors’. Studied some applied characteristic new modifier. It is shown that polymers due to its unique characteristic find using in all area public facilities, however more mashtabing using polymeric material restrain the row serious defect such as combustibility, solutions, low thermo- and flammability, vagary to influence of the aggressive ambiences, insect and etc. For prevention said defect are used basically lighten stabilizers, modifiers, antipirens, antioxidants. Prevent this entire enumerated defect by possible only using polymeric, hithemoleculars modifier and additives polyphunctionals actions. Some applied properties of new modifiers are studied. It is shown that polymers, due to their unique properties, are used in all areas of the national economy, however, the large-scale use of polymeric materials is hindered by a number of serious drawbacks, such as flammability, solubility, low thermal and fire resistance, instability to aggressive media, insects, etc. To prevent the above disadvantages, mainly low molecular weight stabilizers, modifiers, fire retardants, and antioxidants are used. All these disadvantages can be prevented only by the use of polymeric, high-molecular modifiers and additives of polyfunctional action.

Development of technology for modification of epoxy resin ED-20
Kamalov Dj.K.
Karakalpak State University, Nukus
Rahimbabаeva M.Sh., Muhamedgaliyev B.A.
Toshkent Institute of Architecture and Construction

The article shows that to obtain polymer materials with improved properties, the modification of large-scale industrial polymers with small additives of other polymers or oligomers is widely used. The introduction of small amounts of finely dispersed crystallization nuclei, thermoplastic elastomers, oligomeric and polymer additives has become widespread. Modification of polymers or oligomers with small additives was based on the concept of a significant effect of the supramolecular structure, as well as the conditions of relaxation processes on the properties of polymers. At the same time, there is a complex effect of additives on the structure and properties of polymers. A large number of studies are devoted to the chemical modification of epoxy polymers and it has been shown that their modification is most effective even at the stage of mixing the components, when modifiers are introduced mainly with hardeners during the formation of polymerization centers, the growth of the polymer chain, and the formation of a polymer network. The use of polymer modifiers is promising from the point of view of preventing some undesirable processes inherent in low molecular weight modifiers, as well as their use in small quantities.

Investigation of thermal decomposition of serpentinite of the Karakalpak deposit.
Saparova G.D., Bauatdinov S.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Natural Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus
Dzhandullaeva M.S., Erkaev A.U., Abdurimov A.S.
Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Tashkent
Kucharov B.Kh.,
Tashkent Institute of Chemical Technology

The paper presents data from a study of the heat treatment of serpentinite from the Karakalpakstan deposit. According to the derivatogram data, it was found that the first endothermic effect, associated with the removal of adsorbed water, was obtained at a temperature of 170°C, the second, associated with the destruction of the structure at 680°C (mass loss in this region is 10%). Heat treatment of serpentinite is an important step in the technology of its processing. When choosing the optimal parameters for the heat treatment of serpentinite, it is necessary to conduct thermoanalytical studies to study the dehydration of serpentinite, which is the main chemical stage of firing. Based on this, in this work, we studied the phase composition of the intermediate and final products of heating the serpentinite of the Karakalpakstan deposit.

Study of the process of obtaining complex fertilizers based on glauconite Karakalpakstan
Allaniyazov D.O., Bauatdinov S., Tazhibaev T.A., Ochilov S.U.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Natural Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus
Erkaev A.U.
Tashkent Chemical Technologic Institute

The process of preparing complex glauconite-containing fertilizers based on glauconite, Karakalpakstan and fertilizing salts was investigated. Glauconite-containing fertilizers based on glauconite, nitrogen and potassium fertilizers can be obtained, their K2O content ranges from 21,9-54,5 and 0,5-3,9%, respectively, when potassium chloride and nitrogen fertilizers are added. The results show that the more additive (potassium chloride, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, carbamide) is added to the glauconite composition, the higher the strength of the product granules is obtained. Also shown are diffractograms of binary mixtures of glauconite sands with ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, potassium chloride and carbamide. It has been determined that in complex fertilizers the introduced components may be crystalline or amorphous due to interaction with water, glauconite and other sand components.

Comparative assessment of biochemical parameters of crustaceans and cysts of populations of artemia of the Aral Sea
Khajibaev K.G., Berdimbetova G.E., Orazova Sh.Sh., Myrzambetov N.A.
Karakalpak Scientific Research Institute of Natural Sciences Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic Uzbekistan, Nukus
Satimova M.R.
Karakalpak State University, Nukus

The value of artemia used as food for fish, crabs and shrimps grown in artificial conditions of aqua and mariculture depends on its chemical composition. It is also known that lipids, which are used as plastic and energy material in cultured organisms, are of particular importance in assessing the feed value of the crustacean. Artemia cysts contain a significant amount of lipids, but their qualitative composition is not the same. The article presents the results of comparative studies of the biochemical composition of crustacean biomass and artemia cysts of the Aral Sea with artemia populations from 6 salt lakes of the Pavlodar region of Kazakhstan. It was found that the studied objects from the Aral Sea are characterized by a high content of protein (81.6-49.2%), free amino acids (285.93-335.49 mg). There were seasonal fluctuations in the content of dry matter, free amino acids, total lipids, total carbohydrates in the crustaceans of the studied populations.

Production of modern catalysts for the hydrocracking process
Makhmudov M.J.
Bukhara Engineering and Technological Institute
Ametova D.M., Каrimov М.
Karakalpak State University, Nukus

This article provides an overview of the state of development of the hydrocracking process and secondary processes, as well as the role of hydrocracking and the prospects for its development. The range of modern hydrocracking catalysts is quite extensive, which is explained by the variety of process purposes. They usually consist of the following three components: an acid, a dehydro-hydrogenating agent, and a binder that provides mechanical strength and a porous structure. Increasing demand for motor fuels with a lower sulfur content and less emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere during their production and combustion influenced the birth of such a process as the catalytic process of hydrocracking of raw materials under hydrogen pressure. The main purpose of the hydrocracking process is the production of hydrotreated gasoline fractions, commercial kerosenes and diesel fuels, as well as liquefied gases from heavier oil feedstock than the resulting target products. In addition, if the non-reacting residue is not returned to the hydrocracking feedstock, then it can be used as a high-quality feedstock or component of catalytic cracking, coking, pyrolysis feedstock. The hydrocracking process has been successfully used to produce high index lubricating base oils. Hydrocracking combines catalyticcracking and hydrogenation.

Fauna of bilgarciellid waterbirds of Uzbekistan and analysis of family status
Arepbaev I.M.
Каrakalpak State University, Nukus
Shakarbaev U.A., Akramova F.D., Erkulov J.M., Mirzayeva A.U., Saidova Sh.O. , Esonboev J., Azimov D.A.
Institute of Zoology of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Таshkent
Jumanov M.A.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Natural Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

Infestation with trematodes Bilharziellidae (Price, 1929) 282 specimens was studied. nesting and migratory species of water-marsh birds of Uzbekistan belonging to the orders of grebe-like, pelican-like, stork-like, anseriform, crane-like and charadriiformes. The modern fauna of the bilharzielidae of Uzbekistan consists of 13 species of the following genera - Bilharziella (1 species), Trichobilharzia (4), Ornithobilharzia (1), Macrobilharzia (1), Dendritobilharzia (3) Gigantobilharzia (1) and Gigantobilharziella (1). The dominant genera are Trichobilharzia (4) and Dendritobilharzia (3). Significant infestation of aquatic mollusks with larvae of these trematodes was studied and the relationship between definitive and intermediate hosts that form foci of avian bilharzia and human cercariasis was determined.

Current status of protected cypian fish species in the lower reaches of the Amudarya river
Temirbekov R.O., Musaev A.K., Israilova I.O.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Natural Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

This paper presents the results of many years of scientific research conducted in the lower reaches of the Amudarya River. The main material was our own collection of ichthyological material - carp species of fish to determine its current fishing status. As a result of the research, the state of protected cyprinid fish species was revealed in connection with the anthropogenic transformation of the hydrological regime of the Amudarya River. Changes in habitat conditions have led to a violation of the migration regime and the reproduction of species, changes in their population structure and life cycle, which has led many species of aboriginal ichthyofauna to a critical reduction in numbers and to the verge of extinction. In the current composition of cyprinids of the lower reaches of the Amudarya, taking into account their status and place in the ecosystem of the region, we have identified a complex of protected cyprinids with official conservation status. These include the following 5 species: Luciobarbus brachycephalus, Kessler, 1872; Luciobarbus capitoconocephalus, Kessler, 1872; Ballerussapa (Pallas, 1814); Capoeto brama kuschakewitschi (Kessler, 1872) and the Leucis cusidusoxianus (Kessler, 1877).

Diameter of untreated brine shrimpcysts of the Aral Sea population
Utemuratova F.J.
Tashkent State Agrarian University
Mustafaeva Z.A., Kim S.I., Kamilov B.G.
Institute of Zoology Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, Tashkent

Since the 2000s artemia (Artemia parthenogenetica) has become a permanent and dominant component of the Aral Sea plankton. Diameter of brine shrimp untreated cysts of the Aral Sea population collected in the southwestern part of the water body was investigated. Cysts were collected in November 2020 in the southwestern part of the remnant of the Aral Sea (Uzbekistan). Purification of Artemia cysts harvested in the water or on the shore and containing various impurities (which accounted for up to 60% of the collection mass) was carried out by conventional methods. A small number of cysts (about 1000) were incubated in half a Petri dish at room temperature (26-28°C). Salt water (salinity 70o/oo) was used as the incubation medium. A few drops of Lugol's solution were added to the cup. Cyst diameter was determined on fully hydrated cysts. The minimum values of cysts in diameter were 200 microns, the maximum ones - 360 microns, the average - 280 + 3.00 microns. The coefficient of variation was 10.6%.

Innovative technologies for assessing and monitoring the resource potential of the vegetation of Karakalpakstan
Tleumuratova B.S., Mambetullaeva S.M., Urumbaev A.E.
Karakalpak Scientific Research Institute of Natural Sciences Karakalpak branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

The article discusses the use of innovative technologies to assess and monitor the resource potential of Karakalpakstan vegetation. The basic principles of the technology of monitoring and quantifying ecosystem services of plant cover, combining methods of mathematical modeling, direct field observations, remote sensing and contact measuring methods. The identification and quantitative assessment of climate-forming characteristics of natural vegetation is proposed, and landscapes are made on the basis of data collected during expeditionary work using contact and remote methods. It is noted that such a Karakalpakstan function of vegetation, like a soil melting, a decrease in the wind removal of salts from the dried bottom of the Aral Sea, the weakening of the migration of the sands, the regulation of climate warming is estimated for the first time. These useful functions of plant cover refer to the category of non-valuable indicators of ecosystem services. In addition, such services are characterized only for the Southern Priaral, therefore, in the global practice of evaluating environmental services, there are no similar techniques. The development of innovative remote sensing technology will significantly expand the review of the territories of engaged in vegetation with sufficient detail, increase the frequency of observations by several orders of magnitude. At the same time, this technology of satellite imagery processing includes recognition of the structure of plant cover by plant species, which will allow to monitoring the dynamics of sakes occurring.

To the question of the development of the concept of development green construction in Karakalpakstan
Orel M.M., Matjanova Kh.K.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Natural Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

The Republic of Karakalpakstan, located in the north of Uzbekistan, which is affected by the arid climate of the Aral Sea region, formed as a result of the drying of the Aral Sea, is a striking example of the importance that vegetation has for its improvement. The expedient planting of vegetation could have such salutary effects, precisely here. Therefore, it is necessary to develop measures for the scientifically based implementation of landscaping and to select such a range of trees and shrubs that would best responds to the improvement of the quality of the living environment. For this, it is necessary to develop a long-term concept for the development of green building in Karakalpakstan. This concept should be based on a set of science-based measures to modernize landscaping through the introduction of an updated range of woody plants, taking into account soil and environmental conditions, developed recommendations and technologies that allow growing a variety of biologically stable and durable plantings in a wide landscape and architectural range. We have proposed the following scheme of the concept: 1. analysis of modern landscaping; 2. accounting for soil and environmental conditions in the areas of new landscaping; 3. substantiation of the composition of plantings by categories of landscaping objects; 4. development of technology for growing promising plantations using introduced plants; 5. expansion of the network of nurseries for growing seedlings of wild and ornamental plants. Thus, this concept will allow creating a long-term program to improve the habitat, which in turn will reduce negative climatic factors, as well as the developed methodological recommendations will allow growing new sustainable ornamental plantings, and contribute to the reconstruction and improvement of existing plantings.

Ecological and phytocenotic state of Atraphaxis spinosa, Convolvulus fruticosus, Artemisia terrae-albae, Salsola arbusculiformis pasture variety in Karakalpak Ustyurt
Rakhimova N.K.
Institute of Botany Academy of Sciences of the Rebublic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent

The article is devoted to the study of the ecological and phytocenotic state of the Atraphaxis spinosa, Convolvulus fruticosus, Artemisia terrae-albae, Salsola arbusculiformis pasture variety (PV), which is part of the Salsola arbusculiformis, Anabasis salsa pasture type. The described type of pasture is widespread in the northern part of the Karakalpak Ustyurt. Atraphaxis spinosa, Convolvulus fruticosus, Artemisia terrae-albae, Salsola arbusculiformis with the participation of Zaysan saxaul (Haloxylon ammodendron). The PV is located in the Kungrad district, geographical points: the Kucherkuduk tract, Karazhol, the area of the PV is 460023 ha. The total projective cover of the PV is 20%. The basis of the vegetation cover is formed by Salsola arbusculiformis, the second place in terms of abundance is occupied by Artemisia terrae-albae. The height of Artemisia terrae-albae specimens reaches 20-25 cm. Due to lack of moisture in dominant species, weak annual growth (up to 1 cm) was noted. Road infrastructure is being developed on the territory, lines of electric wires and gas pipelines are observed, grazing is not observed, and no poisonous and weedy species have been noted. The results of the study showed that in the dry year (2021), the eaten part of the forage mass of the Atraphaxis spinosa, Convolvulus fruticosus, Artemisia terrae-albae, Salsola arbusculiformis PV ranges from 0.8 to 2.1 q/ha. According to estimates of the yield of the eatable part (c/ha), it is recommended to use the Atraphaxis spinosa, Convolvulus fruticosus, Artemisia terrae-albae, Salsola arbusculiformis PV as an autumn-winter pasture.

Microclonal property of Lagoxilus (Lagochilus Inebrians) plant
Sultonova K.R.
Department of Biotechnology, Samarkand Institute of Veterinary Medicine
Kushiev Kh.Kh.
Gulistan State University

Pathogen-free seedlings of Lagochilus Inebrians medicinal plant were obtained on the basis of microclonal propagation in vitro. In vitro conditions, Lagochilus Inebrians callus tissue proliferation was found to occur optimally in a combination of BAP (1 mg / l) + NAA (1 mg / l) in the MS nutrient medium. It is also noted that the intensity of root formation is relatively high in the combination variant BAP (2 mg / l) + NAA (0.1 mg / l) + GA3 (0.5 mg / l). In the microcloning process, the MS and WPM nutrient media were analyzed on a comparative basis. It was noted that in the presence of a combination of kinetin (2.3-18.4 ?M) + 1-naphthalene acetic acid (0.54 ?M), the intensity of regeneration is higher than in the MS medium under the conditions of the WPM medium.

To the study of the modern systematical status of species of the genus Bromus L.
Ermatova G.Z., Imirsinova A.A., Makhmudov V.
Andijan State University

The article provides a modern systematic analysis of species of the genus Bromus L. in the flora of Uzbekistan. According to the analysis, the number of species found in Uzbekistan is as follows: 16 species in the "Flora of Uzbekistan", 16 species in the "Key to Plants of Central Asia", N.N.Svelev's cereals in the USSR has 21 species, and "Plant of the World online" (POWO) (https://powo.science.kew.org/) 16 species. In addition, the article makes a reference to the literature that the species Bromus L. of the B.sterilis L. family is not common in the Fergana valley, and indicates that this species was found near the Ak-suu river in the village of Yuqori Vodil, Fergana region.

Distribution of species of the Orobanchaceae family in South Aral Sea region
Tajetdinova D.M., Akbarov F.I.
Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Begdullaeva G.S., Mnajatdinova M.R.
Karakalpak State University, Nukus

The article provides information about the species of the Orobanchaceae family and their geographical distribution in the South Aral Sea region. The results of the study were obtained from the National Herbarium of Uzbekistan (TASH), an electronic database of the Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov (MW) and the Herbarium Fund of the Institute of Natural Sciences of the Karakalpak branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan. According to APG IV, the Orobanchaceae family is represented by 7 (Cistanche salsa (C.A.Mey.) Beck (Cistanche ambigua Beck), Cistanche flava (C.A.Mey.) Korsh., Cistanche trivalvis (Trautv.) Korsh., Orobanche aegyptiaca Pers., Orobanche cernua Loefl., Orobanche coerulescens Stephan, Orobanche cumana Wallr.) species belonging to the genera Cistanche Hoffmanns. & Link and Orobanche L. in the flora of the South Aral Sea. With the use of Google Earth, ArcGIS 10.6 and DIVA-GIS 7.5 programs, maps of the distribution of Orobanchaceae species in the South Aral Sea region were compiled and geographically optimal areas were predicted. The results of the study showed that on the territory of the South Aral Sea region (181,823 km2) there are low areas of growth of these species, corresponding to all (149,383 km2) botanical-geographical districts. And also in the Ustyurt (24,161 km2), Aral (3,628 km2) and Kyzylkum (4,651 km2) districts there are unsuitable territories.

Phytocenotic characteristics of Halocnemum strobilaceum pasture variety in Karakalpak Ustyurt
Saitjanova U.Sh.
Institute of Botany Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent

The article presents the phytocenoticcharacteristics of the Halocnemum strobilaceum pasture variety (PV), which is part of the Halocnemum strobilaceum pasture type. The described type of pasture is widespread in the central part of the Karakalpak Ustyurt. Halocnemum strobilaceum pasture variety (PV), on wet salt marshes in combination with blinders devoid of vegetation is located in the Kungrad district, geographical points: Shore Barsakelmes, Sarykamysh basin, the area of the pasturevariety (PV)is 31495 ha. The total projective cover of the PV is 20%. In the composition of this pasture variety, only 4 species were noted: Halocnemum strobilaceum (Pall.) M. Bieb., Tamarix hispida, Kalidium caspicum (L.) Ung.-Sternb. and Limonium suffruticosum (L.) Kuntze. All species except Halocnemum strobilaceum as assemblers of this plant community are found isolated and their role in the addition of the projective cover of the herbage is small. The varieties are characterized by sparsity of vegetation cover and extreme poverty of species composition, reaching in some cases to a monodominant community. According to the results of the study, we see that due to the arid climate, the eaten part of the forage mass of the Halocnemum strobilaceum pasture variety is low and ranges from 0.9 to 3.6 c/ha. According to the yield indicators, the Halocnemum strobilaceum pasture variety can be recommended for use as autumn-winter pastures.

Characteristics of species and interspecies taxa of algae diving in the Mezhdurechinsky reservoir
Elmuratova A.A.
Karakalpak Scientific Research Institute of Natural Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academies of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

The article presents the results of a study (2003-2019) of the composition of algae of the Mezhdurechinsky reservoir, represented mainly by autochthonous, mainly freshwater or freshwater-brackish-water limnic and euryhaline species, allochthonous and younger alien algae that penetrated into the reservoir from neighboring coastal lakes. During the study of the Mezhdurechinsky reservoir, we registered 392 species and intraspecific taxa of algae belonging to 8 divisions, 20 classes, 30 orders, 58 families and 108 genera. The most important are representatives of 4 divisions of algae: blue-green, diatoms, green and dinophytes. It should be noted that green algae in the Mezhdurechinsky Reservoir live in plankton all year round and play a large part in the creation of the total phytoplankton biomass.

Dairy productivity of single-humped camels depending on various factors in the conditions of the Republic of Karakalpakistan
Turganbaev R.U., Esimbetov A.T., Tleumuratov A.K.
Nukus branch of Samarkand State University of veterinary medicine, livestock and biotechnology
Mavlanov S.I.
State Committee for Veterinary Medicine and Livestock Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent

This article provides for the milk productivity of single-humped camels depending on the shape of the udder, constitutions, and pasture conditions. Dairy productivity was studied on saxaul pastures, semi-desert ephemeral pastures in the main desert territories of Karauzyak district and on amber pastures that are closer to rural settlements. According to the data obtained, according to these indicators, the total milk yield in the first group of saxaul pastures was 3186 grams, while in the second and third groups there were 5007 and 4880 grams, respectively. The highest milk yield was obtained on amber pastures than on semi-shrub ephemeral pastures (1821 grams), and 127 grams more than on saxaul pastures. Camels with a cup-shaped udder have a much higher milk yield compared to their peers with rounded udders. Milk yield has also been studied depending on the constitution of animals that are more milk productivity of coarse constitutions. The chemical composition of the milk of camels of different ages has been analyzed, which fluctuations in milk fat in the age range fluctuate from 0,1% in the period from 5 to 9 years. The chemical composition of milk is primarily directly related to storage, feeding and the time of year. It should be noted that camels that received additional feeding have high protein, fat and sugar content in milk.

Rational use of concentrates during fattening of young stud in the conditions of Karakalpakstan
Bobokulov N.A., Urimbetov A.A.
Research Institute of Karakul Breeding and Desert Ecology, Samarkand

The article presents the results of increasing the productivity of young karakul sheep with the rational use of concentrates. The concentrates are enriched with nitrogen-containing substances. The harsh conditions of Karakalpakstan, which are distinguished by a sharply continental, arid climate - hot summers, cold winters, seasonal and uneven precipitation, have developed parameters in the Karakul sheep breed that are superior to other breeds. Reducing the proportion of concentrates in the diet by 15-20% due to the treatment of straw with urea does not reduce the productivity of sheep. For the experiment, rams and ewes were selected. And formed two groups, control and experimental groups. The reduction of concentrates in the diet by 10-15% in the experimental groups made it possible to maintain the slaughter qualities of rams in comparison with the control, due to the feeding of ammoniated straw. The use in the practice of farms of the recommendations of scientists to improve the quality of feed, by enriching with nitrogen-containing substances, reduces the cost of concentrates, reduces the cost of production. The results contribute to reducing the cost of production in stall fattening. The profitability of fattening with the use of ammoniated straw is 22.2-15.7% higher than in the control without the use of urea treatment.

Assessment of the impact of industrial emissions and salt and dust transfer on terrestrial vegetation in Karakalpakstan
Tleumuratova B.S., Urumbaev A.E., Orel M.M., Erzhanova L.K.
Karakalpak Scientific Research Institute of Natural Sciences Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

The article deals with such problems arising from the pollution of the atmosphere by industrial and natural sources as impacts on terrestrial vegetation. At the same time, priority due to the scale is given to the effect of salt removal. The research uses methods of mathematical modeling, geobotanical and biochemical methods, as well as the method of system monitoring of environmental pollution by industrial emissions developed by the authors. The average daily and average monthly concentrations of air pollutants were calculated using a Gaussian model. The paper presents the results of calculations of atmospheric pollution by the Takhiatash power plant and monitoring of the impact of emissions from the Kungrad soda plant on the state of soils and vegetation cover in the adjacent territory (within a radius of 10 km). A method for determining the single and average daily maximum allowable concentration of pulverization of terrestrial plants with salt aerosol from the drained bottom of the Aral Sea is proposed.

Ecological problems of water-supply and adaptation reactions of organism of children to terms of Priaralye
Mirametova N.P.
Nukus State Pedagogical Institute
Mambetulaeva S.M.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Natural Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

To the article the results of researches of ecological problems of water-supply and adaptation reactions of organism of children are driven to the terms of Priaralye. The modern state is related to considerable the consumption of underwaters both for a water-supply and for irrigation and not always directed in a necessary for a man side. The changes of hydrogeological situation create the special anthropogenic dynamic quality of natural environment and health of population often. It is set that the ecological terms of region of Southern Priaralye cause tension of adjusting and function of erythrogenesis, and similarly conduce to unfavorable possibilities of functioning of both hematogenesis vehicle and erythron. Change of indexes of the system an erythron for the inspected children in the ecological terms of region of South Priaralye carries unidirectional character without depending on the type of diseases. The children inspected by us have changes of the system erythron, that, mainly, does not depend on the type of disease and determined by the direct presence of pathological process. The changes of middle volume of red corpuscles and middle concentration of hemoglobin are most expressed in red corpuscles. The fact marked by us testifies in behalf on that at any disease of breathing organs the scray mechanisms sent to the increase of providing with of fabrics oxygen are included. Quality and ecologically safe drinkable water-supplys must be pulled out on a priority plan in development of the system of the events sent to the improvement of terms of life and state of health of population of Republic of Karakalpakstan.

Dynamics and forecast of demographic indicators of the Republic of Karakalpakstan
Aimbetov N.K., Atajanov Kh.L., Esengeldiev D.N.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Natural Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

In the article, based on the statistical data of the demographic indicators of the Republic of Karakalpakstan for 2011-2021, the dynamics of population change, birth and death rates, arrivals and departures are examined. These indicators are the starting point for forecasting the most important economic indicators. Population change affects the determination of the need for industrial, food products, housing, cultural and medical services, etc. With the use of statistical and econometric methods, models have been created for the dynamics of change and forecasting of demographic indicators. Short-term forecasts of time series of demographic indicators are received.

Analysis of the current objective conditions of reform of the state budget execution system
Mansurov M.A.
Tashkent Institute of Textile and Light Industry

The article analyzes the models, execution mechanisms, executive activities and development of the state budget, the accumulation of all state budget operations on budget revenues and expenditures on a single treasury account and presents the methodological conditions for the means of accumulating budget revenues and expenditures on a single treasury account. The system of treasury execution of the state budget with an automated information system was substantiated. Analyzed legal documents on the creation of the treasury. In particular, the article explores the practical mechanisms for regulating the financial relations of the budget with the subjects of economic and social activity, also studied the correspondence of foreign developments with the system for the formation and use of public financial resources, lists the practical mechanisms for the treasury execution of the state budget in the republic.

Some issues of organizing cotton-textile clusters in the republic
Irgashev S.А.
Andijan State University
Jo’raev Sh.S.
National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent

The dominance of the national economy of the country in the region and the world is directly related to the development of large regional production associations based on its natural and socio-economic potential. This article discusses the importance of the cluster system in the textile industry for our national economy, the aspects that must be taken into account when introducing the system into our economy. The article also presents an improved model of a regional cluster system and the order in which they are linked. Textile enterprises included in the cluster are considering the possibility of establishing mutually beneficial relations between suppliers of raw materials.

Improving the organizational and economic mechanism for the development of the service sector on the basis of public-private partnership
Khalmuratov K.P.
Karakalpak Stste University, Nukus

This article asseses the effectiveness of measures taken in the country to ensure the development of public-private partnership services based on static indicators. Development of a strategy for the development of public-private partnership in the service sector in the Republic of Karakalpakstan, prospects and main directions for improving the organizational and economic mechanism of public-private partnership in the field of educational services in the region. As well as the impact of improving the organizational and economic mechanism for the development of the service sector in the Republic of Karakalpakstan on the basis of correlation and regression analysis and the results of improving the organizational and economic mechanism for the development of the service sector on the basis of public-private partnership. One of the important directions of the organizational and economic mechanism for the development of the service sector based on the mechanism of public-private partnership is the use of financial support. The issues of evaluating the results of the measures taken in this direction were also raised. The influence of the number of preschool institutions of public-private partnership on the share of children in the overall enrollment level is considered.

Some problems of development of the cotton-textile industry of the Republic of Karakalpakstan
Kurbaniyazov A.E.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Natural Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

In this article the adopted concept and its tasks for substantiating and implementing the promising strategies for the development of production in the Republic, increasing the efficiency of the management system of the textile industry through the formation of a cotton-textile cluster designed to implement a full production cycle, creating a competitive regional product of high added value in the cotton and textile industry, assessing the existing potential of the Republic, and ensuring the prospects and organizational and economic mechanism for stimulating the cluster development of agriculture and textile industry, as well as sustainable economic growth and modernization of these sectors of the economy are specified. Also, the necessity to develop effective strategies to increase the competitiveness of the cotton and textile industry of the Republic of Karakalpakstan, to analyze the existing system of economic relations between producers and processors of raw cotton of the Republic, their development features, existing problems and their solutions are shown. The author concludes that in order to form the cotton-textile clusters, it is necessary, first of all, to rehabilitate yarn and fabric enterprises that are competitive with other sectors of the textile industry.

The main opportunities for increasing the tax potential in our country
Tureev A.A.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Natural Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

This article analyzes the practice of generating budget revenues of the Republic of Karakalpakstan. In particular, in order to ensure the adequacy of budget revenues, a comparative analysis of the results of assessing the tax potential of the region using various methods was carried out. The potential of budget revenues from income tax and single tax payment (turnover tax) from legal entities was estimated on the basis of real (additive) methods and (representative) methods in comparison

State of public education of Karakalpakstan in 1980-s: problems and solutions
Djumashev A.M.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Humanitarian Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus
Urazova L.K.
Nukus branch of Uzbekistan State Institute of Arts and Culture

Studying the state of the public education system of Karakalpakstan in the 1980-s is a very important research task, because during this period the first attempts were made to reform the entire system of education, culture and art, flaws and omissions were indicated, which predetermined the understanding of the need to develop national culture and restore the spiritual and moral heritage of our people. In the early 1980s the Soviet state takes a number of measures aimed at preventing deep crisis phenomena in the entire system of economic, social and cultural relations. The "Main Directions for Reforming the General Education and Professional School," the so-called "school reform," were adopted. These decisions were an attempt to "resuscitate" the system, which was in deep crisis. During these years, the level of work aimed at attracting the population to cultural centers and creating the necessary conditions for them. The attitude towards cultural construction as to cost-effective, non-profitable area is being reduced material support of culture. By 1991, 689 schools functioned in the republic, while only 40% of the schools were typical (educational building, corresponding material and technical base, sports hall, etc.), and the rest functioned in adapted buildings. The quality of training, preparation, specialization of shots, providing with material and technical resources was not ideal.

Functioning of the periodical press of Karakalpakstan during the Second World War
Nurjanov S.U.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Humanitarian Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

In the 1930s, a network of republican and regional newspapers was formed in Karakalpakstan, which were considered as the main means of agitation and propaganda by the ideologues of the Soviet government. The article analyzes the state of the press during the Second World War and the issues of strengthening party control over the press. A sharp reduction in the financing of newspapers is indicated, as a result of which some republican and district publications were closed, the volume and circulation of other newspapers and magazines decreased. The periodical press of Karakalpakstan also suffered personnel losses, since most of the journalists and intellectuals who collaborated with it went to the front. Party control over the press was carried out through censorship and the compilation of a review of newspapers published by the agitation and propaganda department of the local party committee. The study of the periodical press of Karakalpakstan during the war allows us to characterize the ways of involving the population in the propaganda process, to reveal the essence and mechanisms of mutual influence of the periodical press, propaganda and the audience.

Depiction of images of historical figures in Karakalpak folk legends
Бекимбетов А.М.
Karakalpak Research Institute for the Humanities of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

In legends about historical figures, instead of heroes in improved plots based on various beliefs of the ancient mythological period, a historical figure is taken that is known in the history of mankind or at the level of a certain territory, and the ancient mythological plot is transformed in accordance with the new period. And in legends about a historical period or historical events, on the contrary, one specific historical period, social formation or event is depicted around the images of mythological heroes. The author notes that in the Karakalpak folk legends, the most common group of legends brought into a certain cycle is about a historical figure known as Iskandar Zulkarnayn (Alexander the Great) in the oral folk art of the East and in the article he cites the arguments of E.E.Bertels, E.A.Kostyukhin about the image of Alexander the Great. The most common legends among the Karakalpaks about King Sulaiman are the legends that arose on the basis of the motif of the magic ring, given in the sources of oral folk art of the East: “The Magic Ring of Sulaiman”, “King Sulaiman and the Servant”. And both legends begin with the image of the majesty and wealth of King Sulaiman, his power over all creatures. According to legend, the power of Sulaiman over the whole world is associated with his magic ring. In the legends about Sulaiman, in the system of Karakalpak folklore, he is known mainly as the ruler of the whole world, that is, as a ruler.

National characteristics of the image of childless fathers in the Karakalpak folk epics
Isakov R.U.
Karakalpak Research Institute for the Humanities of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

The Karakalpak folk epic is very complex in composition. The epics are extensive, and the content of this genre retains the views of several periods. Epics have the beginning, formation, development and completion of plots. Among them, introductory plots (prologue) are of great importance. The reason is that these plots are the beginning of the events taking place in the epic. All episodes develop through the prologue. The plot of the event, conflict, climax, decisions will be connected with the prologue. All folk epics, epics begin with the birth of a hero. A newborn baby is not an ordinary person, but a hero. He was born a hero who in the future will serve the interests of his people and defend his homeland from enemies. However, his birth is through prophetic powers. The reason is that the hero who brings the dreams of the people to life should not be ordinary. They are born with the help of divine forces. Heroes defeat thousands of enemies with the help of divine powers. Such prophetic tribal movements are enriched with mythical elements. At the beginning of the saga (dastan, epic) fathers become childless. With the help of extraordinary people, fathers will have children in old age. The article examines the images of childless fathers depicted in the Karakalpak folk epics. The author analyzed these images on the basis of scientific and practical materials and sources.

Description of natural phenomenones in karakalpak people's mysteries
Hamzeev A.K.
School № 30 of the department of public education of Shymbay district

The article deals with riddles in the little-studied genre of Karakalpak folklore. In terms of the theme and content of the genre of riddles, the type of expression of natural phenomena is involved in the analysis. They scientifically reveal the infinity of the human mind and imagination about the nature of the world and nature. Textual examples prove that the celestial world and the sun, moon, and stars that adorn it, as well as the invisible wind and the air, nurture the human mind and raise consciousness through mysteries. It is believed that the compositional structure, content and significance of folk riddles make people think deeply and think, and secondly, lead a person to deep thinking, ingenuity and intelligence, trying to find the hidden mystery. In the riddles, all the phenomena of the mysterious world are studied and scientifically described, not to be overlooked, but to be skillfully and mysteriously inherited in the poetic series and passed on to future generations. Scientific analysis proves with examples that riddles enrich the spiritual world of people of all ages and calm their thinking.

From the experience of a comparative study of the karakalpak epics (on the example of the study of S.Bakhadyrova)
Bekbergenova Z.U.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Humanitarian Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of Academy of Sciences of Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

The article considers a comparative study of the karakalpak folk epics on the example of the research of professor S.Bahadirova. Starting from the 40s of the last XX century, the methodology of comparative study of professor V.M.Jirmunskiy. We find the first sources of comparative research of great epics in the works of folklorists K.Ayimbetov, I.Sagitov, K.Maksetov and N.Zhapakov. In the article of scientific researches of the famous scientist folklorist S.Bahadirova, the experience of studying the karakalpak epics with other epics related to peoples, ideological and thematic, plots and typology of motives, the system of images of the historical-comparative, comparative-typological, historical-genetic side is considered. And also in the study of the scientist, the genres of the karakalpak folk epics “Alpamys”, “Edige”, the tatar folk epic “Idigey”, the source of the monuments of the tyuk-speaking people, the epic “Kitaby dedem Kurkut” of the VIII-XI centuries will be explained in a comparative aspect. Based on the research of the scientist, the features of the genres of the uzbek, kazakh versions of folk epics, the typology of plot motifs and the system of images are considered.

Compositional mastery in the works of G. Yesemuratova (on the example of the works cycle “Karaqalpak kyzlarynyn kestege tusken romanlary” (“Novels-stitches in the patterns of Karakalpak girls”) and the story “Zhiyren”)
Turymbetov B.K.
The Regional Center for Retraining and Qualification Upgrading of Public Education Staff of the Republic of Karakalpakstan, Nukus

This article deals with the questions of narration mastery and compositional construction of the works cycle by G. Yesemuratova "Karaqalpak kyzlarynyn kestege tusken romanlary" and the story "Zhiyren", as well as the peculiar use of artistic means of depiction. The genre nature and works form of G. Yesemuratova, as well as the peculiar compositional structure of these works, are considered by critics of literature and are based on the scientific and theoretical arguments of prominent literary critics. The article presents an analysis of each individual plot event from the works cycle of "Karaqalpak kyzlarynyn kestege tusken romanlary", and, despite this, each of these events constitutes a central line, assembling into a single whole, complementing each other in terms of content and ideas. All taken together leads the reader to understanding, revealing the image of heroes connected by time, fate, circumstances. According to the article author, the writer's skill is also manifested in the fact that the events told in the story "Zhiiren", which depict the innermost dreams of the main hero, his memories, vivid images from the past, lyrical digressions - all this creates a certain compositional unity. The author of the article also considered the skill of creating an image and character, methods of narrating events and life realities in connection with the construction of a compositional structure in these works, and made the appropriate conclusions.

Literary role of gradation in karakalpak poetry
Otarova T.J.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Humanities Science Karakalpak Branch Academy Science of the Academy Science of Uzbekistan, Nukus

The article examines one of the most important issues of Karakalpak literature: the peculiarities of using gradations in a literary text, including poetry, on the examples of talented Karakalpak poets Askerbay Adzhiniyazov’s and Tenelbay Sarsenbayev’s lyric songs. Gradation has an artistic and poetic quality and stands next to tropes as a metaphor, metonymy, comparison, epithet, etc. However, the difference between gradation and other types of tropes is that in the literature “gradation”, depending on its function, is a gradual rise: “degree” means “step”, “level”, 1) sequential and slow distribution of steps in the process, 2) a stylistic element, consisting of a series of strengthening or weakening of a number of words in terms of meaning and emotional characteristics. The role and significance of the phenomenon of gradation in the poetry of Askerbay Adzhiniyazov and Tenelbay Sarsenbayev were analyzed on the basis of a number of scientific and theoretical works. We analyzed the usage of types of gradation such as climax and anti-climax in the poems of the above-mentioned poets, who wrote poems on various topics such as birth, Motherland, mother, love, etc., as well as the feelings of the lyric hero. Based on the analyzes and the results obtained, a corresponding conclusion was made.

Аbout К.Еrnazarov's satirical stories
Mambetniyazova M.S.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Humanities Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

The role of the satire genre in the world of literature is incomparable. M.Nyzanov, S.Jumagulov, K.Ernazarov made a great contribution to the development of the genre of satire and comedy in the prose of Karakalpak fiction in the 1990s. Among them, the well-known writer K. Ernazarov became known for his book "Beard" (1994), written in the genre of satire. From the 90s of the last century to the 2000s, the author wrote "The point ", "I wish I was a millionaire ", "Gossip is a weed", "Inventor ", "Who amI?" , "Noise" works have been published in several republican publications, such as "Free Karakalpakstan", "Karakalpak jaslary" and "Ustaz". The peculiarity of the writer's work is that he does not choose a genre. To date, he has published more than 10 books in various genres, among which there are many examples and satirical works. In particular, he made a significant contribution to the development of Karakalpak satire with his collection of short stories "Shaymiy", published in 2019. In this article, the researcher discusses the work of the writer K. Ernazarov and his place in our literature, as well as analyzes the satirical stories of the writer. Learns the writer’s unique skill in creating a satirical character.

Reflection of folk pathos in Т.Jumamuratov's quartets
Jarilkasinova M.Q.
Karakalpak Research Institute for the Humanities of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

The article discusses the issues of reflection of the international pathos in the poems of the poet T.Jumamuratov, a great representative of the twentieth century Karakalpak literature. The main issues discussed in the published scientific works on turtles are revealed. One of the urgent tasks in poetry in modern Karakalpak literature is related to the interpretation of the international pathos.In studying this problem in poetry, individual aspects of the international pathos in the works of Karakalpak poets are important. The article scientifically interprets the harmony of folk pathos and its consistency with folklore samples in the quatrains from the works of T.Jumamuratov, which is a product of a unique poetic thinking. The main value in the poet's work is man and the human qualities in him. The poet used words figuratively in his lyrical poems and revealed them deeply with the help of facts of life. Folklore ? helps to illuminate its aesthetic essence as the basis of international pathos. The article shows the scope of the influence of Karakalpak folklore samples on the work of T.Jumamuratov and deeply studies the harmonization of international pathos and its development in a new interpretation. We will see that the issues mentioned in his poems have not lost their significance for the present and the future, as well as for the period in which the poet lived.

From the history of ethnolinguistic research in linguistics
Nazhimov P.A., Bekbergenov K.A.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Humanitarian Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

The need for the scientific study of language in interaction with culture has become a prerequisite for the emergence of a number of new disciplines that develop at the intersection of different areas of humanitarian knowledge - linguistics, mythology, folklore, sociology, philosophy and ethnography. So, at present, the folklore text is the object of description not only of folkloristics and textual criticism, but also of new disciplines related to them - ethnolinguistics, linguo-folkloristics, linguoculturology. As a new discipline in linguistics, linguistic schools have formed that comprehensively study the subject, object and methods of ethnolinguistics, as well as the traditional culture of the people on the basis of language, folklore, beliefs, rituals. At present, three centers of linguo-folkloristic research have been formed in Russian science - Voronezh, Petrozavodsk and Kursk. The article for the first time provides information about ethnolinguistic analysis in folklore texts in linguistics.

«Kindness» category in karakalpak language
Matzhanova A.Zh.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Humanitarian Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

Politeness is one of the ways that each person determines their level of culture. Differences in the use of language tools, cultural and social methods by members of the public are characteristic, and these factors play an important role in achieving the intended purpose of the process of proper communication. In the article, the author emphasizes that in modern linguistics, a linguistic approach to real-life events is one of the main means of realizing communication. It is said that the study of this issue in world and Turkic linguistics is advanced, and in Karakalpak linguistics the study of this issue is delayed and requires research, the discovery of cultural, historical and psychological differences is one of the main tasks of linguistics.