Mathematical model of operation of pump station electric drive systems
Usmonov Sh.Yu., Seytimbetov R.Zh., Gayipov I.Q., Eshmuratov N.Q.
Fargon Polytechnic Institute
Karakalpak State University, Nukus

The work is based on the construction of mathematical models based on the calculation of losses from errors in the operation of pumps used at pumping stations. The creation of a control system for pumping stations and the assessment of efficiency indicators when purchasing these technologies are the main manifestations and are described on the basis of a mathematical model ix. In order to optimize the variation of the control system for units and stations, the base unit of the pumping station is a frame pumping unit of the pumping station. The components of automated systems for automatic control of electric drives of pumping stations consist of a set of systems that control continuous operation. These are pumps, electric motors, frequency converters, measuring and data control devices. The components of the pumping stations are the technological components of the connection of the units with the main ones, the ratio of variable units to the variable components of control. Recommendations have been developed for the improvement of electric drive systems used in the energy management of pumping stations, and the use of energy saving methods based on mathematical models.

On the issue of the uniformity of stroke of the tillage machines in depth processing
Tukhtakuziev A., Utepbergenov B., Kengesbaev R.
Scientific Research Institute of Agricultural Mechanization, Tashkent
Nukus branch of Tashkent State Agrarian University

The depth of tillage and its uniformity are the main indicators of the operation of tillage machines and implements. Only when they provide a given depth of processing and its required uniformity throughout the field, favorable conditions are created for uniform growth and development of plants, obtaining a high yield, as well as its simultaneous ripening. With this in mind, on the example of a mounted plow, the issue of ensuring a given depth of soil cultivation (plowing) and its required uniformity by tillage machines has been investigated. As shown by the studies carried out, the deepening of mounted tillage machines to the set working depth and their uniformity at this depth, and therefore the specified depth of tillage and its required uniformity is ensured due to the correct choice of the vertical distance from their (machines) support planes to the lower connecting points. With an increase in this distance, the probability of burying the tillage machines to the set depth increases, and with a decrease, it decreases.

Increasing the fire resistance of polymer binding materials by modifiers based on local resources
Kamalov Dj.K., Kamalova D.M., Xaсanova O.T.
Karakalpak State University, Nukus
Toshkent Institute of Architecture and Construction
Toshkent State Technical University

The article shows the possibilities of modifying the ED-20 epoxy resin with new phosphorus-containing polymers based on phosphorous acid with epichlorohydrin. It was found that with the introduction of a small amount of polymer modifiers containing phosphorus-halogen in its composition into the epoxy composition with a one-time decrease for hardener, the curing rate of the composition increases and the fire-protection properties are improved. The main regularities of the modification process are revealed. In the technology of processing polymers into products, various methods of chemical, physicochemical and physical modification are used, the introduction of various additives modifiers that change the molecular, topological, supramolecular and phase structure. Traditionally, it is customary to modify the surface of polymers by mechanical, energy and diffusion impact on the surface layers of the material in finished products without changing the structure and composition of the inner layers. The most effective is surface treatment with various liquid reagents, in which a surface layer is formed that is resistant to external influences, compatible with the volume of the polymer and gives the entire polymer a complex of positive physicochemical and operational properties.

Agronomic ores glauconites, bentonites and low-grade phosphorites of Karakalpakstan
Allaniyazov D.O., Erkaev A.U., Allaniyazov D.O., Allambergenova R.O.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Natural Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

The chemical composition of glauconite sands and zhelvak phosphorites of Karakalpakia used as raw materials for production of complex mixed fertilizers has been studied. Physico-mechanical characteristics and chemical compositions of initial raw materials - glauconite sand and gelvac phosphorites of Krantau, Khojakul and Beshtuinsk deposit are given. Data are also given on the method of dry enrichment of glauconite sands of the Krantau, Khojakul and Beshtuinsky deposits. During screening between sieve -0.25 + 0.1, mainly glauconite containing a fraction with soaked fine (0.1 mm) aluminum silicate.

The prospects of plants of the genus Artemisia L. growing in the conditions of the Aral Sea region
Baltabaeva S.D., Orazova Sh.Sh.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Natural Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of Academy of Sciences of Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

In the largest research centers, studies were conducted to study the properties of wormwood (Artemisia L), to study high-yielding and resistant varieties. Reviews of scientific literature show that Wormwood is a universal plant that is used in the manufacture of various products in various fields. Medicinal plant raw materials were studied –Wormwood of the genus Artemisia terra-albae, Artemisia turanica, Artemisia santolina, A. schrenkiana Ledeb growing in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The article presents the results of the study of the main macronutrients by the classical method. These basic chemical components are given (total nitrogen converted to protein, polar and non-polar lipids, carbohydrates, including water-soluble polysaccharides, pectin substances). Of these plant genera, the white Wormwood A. terrae-albae has been studied in more detail, since it is polymorphic, has an extensive range and a large raw material mass, which determines the prospects for practical use. In this report, we present the results of a study of polysaccharides of the aboveground part (stems) White wormwood A. terrae-albae. they are an important raw material resource for obtaining phytopreparations, dietary supplements and require more in-depth chemical and pharmacological research.

Problems of using glauconite-containing multifactorial fertilizers of a new generation based on local raw materials
Bauatdinov S.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Natural Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

The work is devoted to obtaining multifactorial fertilizers based on local raw materials. The unique physicochemical properties of agricultural ores explain a wide range of areas of their application. They can be used both as fertilizer and as a mineral additive that helps to restore the lost soil structure. These are the properties of fertilizers obtained on the basis of agricultural ore in Karakalpakstan. The use of agricultural ore of Karakalpakstan directly as multicomponent fertilizers is of great economic and environmental importance for the region of Karakalpakstan. The introduction of the proposed technology will increase the production of the necessary fertilizers based on local agricultural ore.

Geographical information system of alternative energy resources mechanisms of creating and using the database
Ibragimov O.A.
National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent

For the first time in Uzbekistan, the mechanism of 3-stage creation and operation of a database on 5 components using modern topographic and geodetic instruments using GIS programs required in the design, construction and operation of alternative energy resources in Uzbekistan. Digitized materials for the formation of a geographic database of RES, the introduction of automated methods of field surveys and the widespread use of remote sensing methods, the creation of a database of a geographic information system of alternative energy sources using its models, other networks, or the development of large-scale digital cartographic images and a working mechanism. At the same time, a mechanism for linking geometric and attributive geospatial data collected separately in a regional database will be formed. It consists of a database of indicators and attributes, which will store the spatial data of the RES facility.

Species composition and ecological features of staphylinids (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) in vegetable cultures of Karakalpakstan
Dauilbaeva K.K., Bekbergenova Z.U., Dauilbaeva K.K.
Karakalpak Scientific Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Karakalpak Department of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan
Nukus branch of Tashkent State Agrarian University
General school №9, Nukus

Happen to given on aspectual composition and ecological particularity rove beetles vegetable cultures in condition Karakalpakstana. Differs ecological differring fauna rove beetles, than in the other landscape. In condition Karakalpakstana most amount rove beetles dominates in moistened biotopes carrot, beet, potato field there abouts beside water irrigation channel. In given biotopes dwell the representatives of the different ecological groups: geobionts, saprobionts, coprobionts, ripicols, botrobiots. Trofication group rove beetles in data biotopes are presented zoofagous, fitofagous, evrifagous, saprofagous. In arid condition of the region rove beetles are distributed mosaic on biotopes with sufficient moisture. The most amount of the representatives subfamily Staphylinidae (Philonthus). vermins of the vegetable cultures.

Study of the faunal and taxonomic structure of the fauna of ground beetles (Coleptera, Carabidaea) North-Western Uzbekistan
Eshmuratov A.Ya.
Nukus State Pedagogical Institute

The article presents the results of research on the study of beetles in the north-western regions of Uzbekistan from a general biological and faunistic point of view. In particular, the research was conducted from 2018 to 2021, the role and methods of research, the periods of activity of adult buzzards, the faunistic and taxonomic structure of buzzards in the north-western regions of Uzbekistan. In the north-western regions of Uzbekistan, the faunistic composition of the beetle family consists of 104 species and subspecies belonging to 39 genera of 7 subspecies. An analysis of the biodiversity of these identified beetles in the subgroups revealed that Harpalinae, which included 32 species at most 19 generations, belonged to the Omophroninae subfamily, at least 1 gene 1 species, and less than 2 genera 5 species to the Broscinae subfamily. According to the article, the distribution of beetles by regions is 36 (34.6%) in Ustyurt, 59 (56.7%) in the Kyzylkum desert, 30 (28.8%) in the Amudarya biosphere reserve, and 52 (50%) in agrocenoses. The above data are of great theoretical and practical importance in the study of the fauna of the relatively little-studied buzzard beetles of northwestern Uzbekistan.

Ecological characteristics of cyprinid fish of the lower reaches of the Amu darya river
Temirbekov R.O., Adenbaev E.А., Israilova I.O.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Natural Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

The reduction of water inflow to the lower reaches of the Amu Darya has changed the hydrological appearance of the region and created serious environmental problems. The change in the hydroregime of the Amu Darya and the break of its connection with the Aral Sea had a negative impact on the biota of the lower reaches of the Amu Darya. Changes in the composition of the fish population were manifested in the disappearance of many aborigines, their passing and semi-passing populations, in a critical reduction in the number of relict endemic sturgeon of the Amu Darya, as well as cyprinid fish endemic of Aspiolucius esocinus (Kessler, 1874) and the Luciobarbus brachucephalus (Kessler, 1872). These species are listed in the Red Book of Uzbekistan (2019) and some species are listed in the Red Book of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (2003). In the reservoirs and watercourses of the lower reaches of the Amu Darya, there was a structural restructuring of fish communities, accompanied by a change in the species composition, lifestyle and ecological groups and, accordingly, the productivity of populations. Populations of lake-river limnophilic species that have moved to a sedentary lifestyle (carp, roach, etc.), as well as an ecologically plastic species - Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782), have been preserved. Favorable conditions for spawning and the formation of commercial populations in the reservoirs of the lower reaches of the Amu Darya have developed for rheophilic pelagophilic introduced cyprinid fish due to their livestock living in the Amu Darya riverbed above the Tuyamuyun hydrocomplex.

Biology and ecology of introduced species Catalpa Scopoli in the conditions of saline soils of Karakalpakstan
Otenov T., Grokhovatskii I.A., Ospanov A.J., Otenova Z.T., Otenova F.T.
Botany Garden at Karakalpak Research Institute of Natural Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus
Nukus State Pedagogical Institute

The research focuses on the biology and ecology of the introduced species of Catalpa Scopoli. In conditions of saline soils and dry air of Karakalpakstan types of Catalpa can be widely used in green construction. Representatives of the Catalpa are found naturally in China, the USA and the West India. It is introduced to Karakalpakstan in 1936, cultivated in the garden since 1960. It breeds well by seeds when sown in spring. The plant grows intensively in May-June, in July the growth decreases. The presence of horizontal and vertical roots allows Catalpa to take moisture from deeper soil layers during dry summers. The buds open up 8-10 days after swelling. Leaves appear shortly before the flowering of the plant. The yellowing of the leaves is observed at the end of August and ends at the end of October. The average duration of the growing season in beautiful Catalpa and bignonie Catalpa was 185 days, and in oval Catalpa - 175 days. In the conditions of the Botanical Garden, the beautiful and the bignonie Catalpa begins to bloom and bear fruit at the age of 5-6, and the oval Catalpa at the age of 4. The duration of flowering of Catalpa species lasts from 13-21 days, depending on weather conditions. During the flowering period, fruits appear in the lower parts of the inflorescence. The seeds are fully ripe before the October frost. Important qualities of Catalpa species are relative frost resistance, winter hardiness, heat tolerance and demanding on moisture. It grows well on fertile soils, but it also tolerates poor soils with little salinity in the conditions of Karakalpakstan. It is very decorative during flowering, gives nectar and contains useful substances that can be used in medicine. The economic importance of Catalpa can increase enormously if its seeds are used as an oilseed raw material.

Eastern biota (Biota orientalis) and Virginian juniper (Juniperus virginiana) - successful introduced species in the conditions of Karakalpakstan
Utegenov I.B., Otenov T.
Karakalpak Institute of Agriculture and Agrotechnology, Nukus
Karakalpak Research Institute of Natural Sciences of Karakalpak branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

Greening of cities and towns is an important component of urban development, creating a favorable living environment for the population. This is especially actual in the arid climate that characterizes modern Karakalpakstan. The use of trees and shrubs to mitigate dry air, intense insolation, and high summer temperatures is an important direction in improving the quality of life. The plant species introduced in Karakalpakstan are of practical interest and benefit. Introduced trees and shrubs are of great importance in decorative landscaping and make a significant contribution to the biodiversity of plant species in our region. At least 52 species of introduced plants grow in Karakalpakstan, of which 44 are trees, which is 72% of the total number of species. One of the widely used species of such plants in gardening are the eastern biota (Biota orientalis) and the Virginian juniper (Juniperus virginiana), which belong to the Cypress family (Cupressaceae). These species are highly valued for their decorative qualities, high environmental resistance and the ability to cleanse the air from pathogens. Despite the fact that these plants come from different botanical and geographical zones, they were successfully introduced in Karakalpakstan and at the moment are widely grown and used as ornamental crops in landscape design.

Distribution and resource data Cistanhe salsa (C.A. Mey) Beck in Uzbekistan
Khojimatov O.K., Begdullaeva G.S., Mnajatdinova M.R., Tajetdinova D.M.
Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent
Karakalpak State University, Nukus

The article provides data on the usage, distribution and stocks of a promising medicinal plant of Chinese traditional medicine Cistanche salsa (C.A.Mey.) Beck in Uzbekistan. In the course of research work and subsequent field work, it was found that the stolons of Cistanche saline parasitizing on white saxaul (Haloxylon persicum L.) are the most valuable in medical and commercial plans. It has been established that the resource base of the stolons of Cistanhe salsa, with a competent approach, can serve as a good source of valuable medicinal raw materials for the needs of the rapidly developing pharmaceutical industry of Uzbekistan, as well as for the export of raw materials to foreign markets. The results were obtained from field collections from research on the territory of Uzbekistan and collections of herbariums preserved in the National Herbarium of Uzbekistan (TASH). Nomenclature types and ecological data of the Cistanche salsa species are provided. An identification description, links to protologues and environmental data are also provided. Citation of authorship of taxa corresponds to "Authors of plants names" and "International Plant Names Index". The geographical distribution of Cistanche salsa on the territory of Uzbekistan was analyzed and indicated by botanical-geographical districts. GIS maps compiled.

Perspectives for cultivation flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) in Karakalpakstan and its use for medicinal purposes
Kudaybergenova N.Р., Matjanova Kh.K.
Nukus branch of Tashkent State Agrarian University
Karakalpak Research Institute of Natural Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

This article provides a morphological description of flax, composition and useful properties, use, bio ecological features of its cultivation in the conditions of Karakalpakstan. The experience of its cultivation in difficult ecological conditions of Karakalpakstan is presented. Flax seeds, which contain various substances, are used as medicinal raw materials, which determine their medicinal properties. The seeds have a therapeutic effect and have a healing effect on the human body: they increase the level of the body's resistance to the effects of all kinds of viruses and infections; improve blood circulation and normalize blood pressure indicators; contribute to the rapid digestibility of food; cleans blood vessels from cholesterol plaques; frees the body from toxins, help to cope with depression and lingering loss of energy. As an experiment, flax was planted on the territory of the medicinal site of the Karakalpak branch of the Academy of Sciences. Experiments have shown that, flax can be successfully planted under our conditions. When growing flax, various factors must be taken into account: soil conditions, temperature, illumination, precipitation. The article provides data on agro technics of cultivation of flax, water regime. The cultivation of flax as a medicinal raw material in the conditions of Karakalpakstan gave positive results. There fore, it is necessary to create planting plantations in ecologically clean zones for its cultivation, which will reduce the need for imported analogs and create preconditions for organizing production of medicines.

Relationship of the stage of otogenesis of Cynara Scolymus L. under different irrigation conditions
Isomov E.E.
Samarkand branch of Tashkent State Agrarian University

In addition to plants that are constantly used throughout life, it is desirable for people to constantly increase the number of nutritious plants at the expense of other productive new species. This process has been accelerating in recent years. Artichoke is a promising valuable plant that is unconventional for Uzbekistan and is used in green form as silage, haylage and dry feed, and is also an important raw material for the food and pharmaceutical industries and as livestock feed. One of the most important factors in the development of the republic's economy in a market economy is an increase in the number of livestock, an increase in productivity, and a lot of work is being done in this direction. This is especially noticeable when creating companies and farms specializing in the production of dairy and meat products.

Supplement to algoflora for water bodies of Uzbekistan
Tashpulatov Y.Sh., Dustov B.S.
Samarkand branch of Tashkent State Agrarian University
Samarkand State University

In the basin of the middle reaches of the Zarafshan River, a kind of ecological environment has formed, in which the algoflora also has a variety. As a result of comparative and taxonomic analysis, 12 species and varieties of algae (10 species of Bacillariophyta, 2 species of Chlorophyta) have been identified in this territory for the algal flora of water bodies of Uzbekistan. They are distributed in different ecological environments of the water bodies of the region. Algoflora of the Zarafshan River was formed as a result of the complex influence of environmental factors. The river is divided into 3 parts, differing in such ecological factors as: chemical composition of water, water temperature, transparency, flow rate, pH, etc. 331 species and an intraspecific taxon have been identified in the algal flora of the river. The groups of algae were analyzed in relation to the temperature and salinity of water, according to the types of habitats. Water temperature plays a decisive role in the spread and development of algae. In spring, 169 intraspecific taxa of algae were identified in the algal flora, 210 in summer, 13 in autumn, and 88 in winter. In the algal flora of the river, 16 eurythermal and 315 stenothermal species of algae were identified. Mineralization of water varies from beta-oligagal to alpha-oligogaline values. The waters of the river are mainly freshwater and, less often, in some places, fresh-saltwater. This ensures the spread of fresh-brackish algae in the middle and lower parts of the river. The article provides data on morphological and ecological features, distribution in this region, frequency of occurrence, life forms and GPS coordinates of these species.

Introduction of Galega officinalis L. in the conditions of the city of Bukhara
Rakhimova T., Halimova Sh.E.
Institute of Botany of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent
Bukhara State University

The introduction of the medicinal plant Galega officinalis, belonging to the Fabaceae family, in the climatic conditions of Bukhara was studied for the first time. Herbs and plant seeds are used for medicinal purposes. In folk medicine, G. officinalis is used as a medicine for diabetes mellitus, as a diuretic, anthelmintic. The germination of seeds in laboratory and field conditions was determined. The optimal temperature for seed germination in the laboratory is 25-30oC, while the seed germination was 60%. This year, it was noted that with the late and cold onset of the spring season, seeds planted in mid-April did not germinate due to adverse weather, and the germination of seeds planted in early May at an air temperature of 32°C and a relative humidity of 19.5% was 40-45%. It was shown that the seeds of the plant remain in the virginal state longer after the vegetative juvenile stage and do not pass into the generative period in the first year, since they were planted a month later. It should be noted that G. officinalis grew well and adapted to unfavorable climatic conditions on saline soils in the conditions of the city of Bukhara. The fact that the plant is in a green state on the hottest summer days, and the leaves continue to grow without drying out, is a success of introduction. All these processes have been studied depending on environmental factors such as temperature and relative humidity.

Growing Рaulownia plants in Karakalpakstan
Kaypov T.A., Temirov Yu.G., Kurbonov Yu.I.
Nukus branch of the State Agrarian University
Forest Research Institute, Tashkent

In this article, experimental work on the cultivation of Paulownia seedlings in the soil-climatic conditions of the Republic of Karakalpakstan was carried out. According to the results of experiments, the preparation of seedling seedlings from Pavlownia tree in greenhouse conditions gave good results. Alluvial meadow soils are widespread in all districts of the Republic of Karakalpakstan. Groundwater is located at a depth of 1.2 (2.5) m. The proximity of groundwater creates conditions for secondary salinization of soils. Therefore, all grasslands are prone to salinization. The salinity of irrigated meadow soils ranges from unsalted (washed) to highly saline. Therefore, meadow soils should be provided with a well-functioning collector-drainage network. In Karakalpakstan, 37.4% of irrigated lands are moderately saline, and 35.3% are highly saline. Particularly unfavorable land reclamation is observed in Muynak, Karauzak, Kegeyli, Bozatau, Kungrad and Takhtakupir districts. The share of strongly salty soils here is 43-86%, while the percentage of weakly saline and washed soils is 12-23%. Weakly saline and non-saline (washed) soils cover more than 27% of the area. Their mechanical composition largely determines the reclamation condition of soils. In the territory of the Republic of Karakalpakstan, the average sand is more than 35% of irrigated land, and light sand is more than 31%. Desalination is good because these soils have good water and physical properties. However, more than 25 percent of the area comprises heavy sandy loam soils with very low water permeability and high moisture content. Desalination is complexon such grounds.

Some aspects of study of processes of thess-accumulation are in Soils of region of Southern Priaralye
Otenova F.T., Mambetullaeva S.M.
Nukus State Pedagogical Institute
Karakalpak Research Institute of Natural Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

To the article the results of researches of different types of soils are driven in arid territories. It is marked that the general increase of areas of in salt soils and reduction hereupon of arable lands cause the necessity of ecological estimation of in salt soils from the point of view of their ecological state. It is shown that on irrigable earth turn the salts contained in deep horizons of soil forming and laying breeds enter. Development of resalinization in a region it is possible to attribute to the existent problems arising up as a result of wide development of irrigation. The decision of this question requires development of the new going near development of irrigation in the region of Southern Priaralye. In the districts of irrigable agriculture the basic sources of accumulation of salts in soil are subsoil waters. At the near bedding them to the surface and high enough maintenance in them soluble salts in the conditions of droughty climate on capillary emptinesses of soil moisture from horizon of subsoil waters rises to the surface evaporates, and cut-in in her salts remain. Hereupon there is a resalinization of soil, sharply lowering them fertility. It is necessary to conduct taking of inventory of irrigable earth on the basis of modern methods of the remote sensing and design of processes of liquidation of salt in separate territories of irrigable agriculture with the purpose of establishment of orientation and intensity of process thess-accumulation.

Progress in the treatment of esophageal cancer
Kabulov M.K., Kurbanov M.I., Kabulov T.M.
Karakalpak branch of the Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Center of Oncology and Radiology of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus
Nukus branch of the Tashkent Pediatric Medical Institute

The article presents the prevalence of esophageal cancer, especially in the Republic of Karakalpakstan, where the highest incidence among the population is. The effectiveness of a new method – brachytherapy in the treatment of esophageal cancer is analyzed. Brachytherapy is mainly used for stage III-IV esophageal cancer: a special radioactive endostat is inserted into the esophagus and radiation therapy is performed directly on the tumor. A radiation therapy session is performed 1 time a week and repeated 2-3 times. As a result, the 3-and 5-year survival of patients is prolonged and the quality of life is improved due to the normalization of the passage of food through the esophagus.

Central Asian region in the context of global urbanization development
Egamberdieva М.М.
Uzbekiston National University, Tashkent

Urbanization as the most important global socio-economic process of our time is reflected in the growing role of cities in a country or region, sustainable economic development, improving living standards and much more. This article reveals the features and trends in the development of urbanization in the context of globalization on the example of the Central Asian region. The economic and social consequences of global urbanization, the course of these processes in developed and developing countries, problems associated with urbanization in Central Asia, current reforms in urbanization and their organizational and economic mechanisms, large cities in the region and their development are considered.

Air transport in Karakalpakstan: history and modernity
Matjanov A.J.
Karakalpak State University, Nukus

The article is devoted to the history of the development of air transport in Karakalpakstan, which is one of the important sectors in the socio-economic life of the republic, as well as its current state. After all, the main sphere of application of air transport is passenger and cargo transportation over long distances, which is important in the development of trade and economic relations between regions, in particular Karakalpakstan with other cities and republics. A distinctive feature of air transport is high speed and equally high rates of development, which in turn is a determining factor in overcoming huge distances and saving time. The author, on the basis of rich archival and historical material, tried to recreate the history of the appearance and development of air transport in Karakalpakstan. The first aircraft appeared in Karakalpakstan in the 1920s, which belonged to the Russian joint stock company of the Voluntary Air Fleet (Dobrolet). Further development of civil aviation falls on the 30s, when the capital of Karakalpakstan was moved to the city of Nukus, as well as in the post-war years and the years of independence.

History of the Kokand branch of the Russian-Asian Commercial Bank
Alimdjanov B.A.
Oriental Studies Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, Tashkent

The article discusses the activities and functions of the Kokand branch of the Russian-Asian Commercial Bank. The Russian-Asian Commercial Bank (until 1910, the Russian-Chinese Bank) was considered the largest bank in the region, which had an extensive network of branches (13 branches) throughout the Central Asia. It should be noted that the Russian-Asian Bank tried to take over cotton growing and industrial production. The author, based on archival data, argues that the financial institutions of the Russian Empire took into account local specifics and encouraged the production of export-oriented products. The author in the article actively uses interbank correspondence, the annual reports of the director of the branch, as well as the materials of the audit of the Kokand branch of the bank. The active and passive operations of the bank have been investigated, and the expenses and profits of the bank have been analyzed for the first time in historiography.

Modern youth leisure of the Karakalpakstan youth (on the example of Nukus and the villages of Chimbay region)
Jabbarbergenov T.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Natural Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

The article is devoted to the study of rural and urban leisure of the youth of Karakalpakstan. The materials collected by the author in the course of field research among young people in Nukus, as well as from several villages of the Chimbay region, are of great importance in its preparation. The article deals with the theoretical and practical aspects of the problem. The differences between the leisure of urban and rural youth of Karakalpakstan are analyzed. Leisure plays an important role in the upbringing of the younger generation. In this area, many sociocultural needs of young people are realized. This area of human life is characterized by the possibility of a person's freedom of choice of the form, place, time of leisure. It allows young people to express their individuality. Leisure is not dependent on such activities as the chosen profession, family and household responsibilities. The results of leisure activities in the city and in the countryside are being summed up. The results of leisure activities in the city and in the countryside are being summed up. Also, in the conclusion, the influence of communication technologies on the life and leisure of young people is considered and hypotheses are given: "the development of communication technologies at a rapid pace, having a great impact on the life and leisure of our youth, may soon lead to the fact that the existing difference can disappear completely."

Metalworking craft of Karakalpak people in 18th-20th centuries
Seitmuratov O.S.
Nukus branch of Tashkent State Agrarian University

The article studies the metalworking handicraft of the Karakalpaks in the 18th-20th centuries. Methodologically, written sources, ethnographic materials and data from historical literature were summarized and compared in chronological order, the history of metallurgical craftsmanship was also covered by similar research methods. Analysis of materials in sources shows that at that time blacksmithing, pottery and jewelery played an important role in the national economy, economic life and material culture of the Karakalpaks. Also in the XVII-XVIII centuries, Karakalpak people, together with the Kazakhs along the Syr Darya, began to process lead and copper ores. In the period under study, in almost every Karakalpak village there were craftsmen who were engaged in the manufacture of tools, household items, weapons, blacksmiths and ornaments. Unfortunately, until the middle of the 19th century in Karakalpakstan, metallurgy was in the nature of domestic crafts. From the second half of the 19th century in the cities of Kungrad, Khodjeyli, Chimbay, Mangit, Kipchak, Shurakhan, Shabbaz, craftsmen began to work who made products for the market in blacksmithing, pottery, and jewelry. In particular, since that time in Kungrad and Chimbay there were a makhalla and a village, respectively, for the production of blacksmith products.An important role in opening the pages of the history of the material culture of the Karakalpak people is played by the study of the history of metallurgy of the 18th-20th centuries, namely blacksmithing, foundry, copper, jewelry.

Abu Kudabaev - statesman of Karakalpakstan
Djumashev A.M.
Karakalpak Scientific Research Institute of Humanitarian Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

The article is devoted to the state activities of Kudabaev Abu Erzhanovich, born in 1889, a native of the Perovsky district. He studied at the Perovskaya Russian-native school. Since September 1918, a member of the RCP, worked in the bodies of the Extraordinary Committee (Cheka). In 1924 he was included in the commission for determining the boundaries of Karakalpakia, chairman of the Karakalpak regional executive committee (09.24), chairman of the regional revolutionary committee (10.1924), first secretary of the Karakalpak regional party committee (June 1925 - September 1927). Since 1928, he was sent to study in Moscow, at the end of 1931, according to a telegram from the Central Asian Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), he was recalled from the 3rd year, where he worked as a responsible instructor. From the beginning of 1933 to the beginning of 1934 he worked as the head of the personnel department of the Tashkent city committee, from this job he was appointed executive secretary of the Nizhne-Chirchik district committee of the CP (b) Uz. From January to July 1936 he worked as secretary of the Khodjeyli district committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, in July of the same year he was appointed People's Commissar for Agriculture of the KKASSR, in 1937 he was repressed. On July 4, 1957, he was posthumously rehabilitated by the decision of the military collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR.

Muynak fish and meat cannery in the post-war years
Bekimbetov K.
Karakalpak Scientific Research Institute of Humanitarian of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

This article tells about the history of the Muynak fish and meat processing plant, which began the production of canned fish and meat, as well as other products. It is indicated that at the beginning of 1946 in the structure of the plant there were already 7 independent productions: canning, meat-and-fat, refrigeration, recycling plants, steam power facilities, housing and communal administration and administration of industrial supply and marketing. The plant produced fish in frozen, salted, dried form, caviar (caviar of bream, pike perch, cod and other fish species), fish oil, meat in ice cream and salted, flour from bones, canning production consisted in the production of fish (fish in tomato sauce) and canned meat. In the early 1950s, an expansion of the range of fish products was observed: loose caviar, technical fish oil and fish meal (from bones), but the production of canned meat and technical flour was decreasing. Based on the study of archival and historiographic materials, the author points out that at this time the production of consumer goods, for example, buttons and combs, was launched.

From the history of the development of science in Karakalpakstan during the years of independence
Temirkhanov B.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Humanitarian Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

This article is devoted to the history of the development of science in Karakalpakstan during the years of independence. The science of Karakalpakstan was formed in the Soviet period and at the time of the declaration of national independence of the Republic of Uzbekistan had great achievements. Science and education are of paramount importance for increasing the intellectual and spiritual potential not only of young people, but also of our entire society. The article gives the historiography of the topic, gives a brief description of scientific publications. Also article analyzes the history of the development of science in Karakalpakstan in the conditions of the transition period. The period since 2017, when fundamental reforms of this sphere were implemented, is particularly highlighted. The list of normative legal acts adopted by the state structures of the Republic of Uzbekistan aimed at the development of science and innovative technologies is indicated. A number of scientific achievements, the improvement of the material and technical security of scientists, as well as the role of scientists in the socio-economic development of our state are stated.

The study of the national food of the Karakalpaks in the ethno-folkloristic aspect
Khojaniyazova G.M.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Humanitarian Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

In the science of Karakalpak ethnography, a special study of the national foods of the Karakalpak people in oral folk art, today, is considered one of the topical issues. Therefore, we have set a goal to study Karakalpak food products and national foods based on oral folk art, that is, folklore works. Since the study of food products and national foods, which are considered an integral part of material culture, based on folklore works, is included in a number of poorly studied issues. At the same time, at present, folklore works are widely used as ethnographic sources. The question of studying food products and national dishes of the Karakalpak people in oral folk art as a material culture is one of the topical issues of ethnographic science. In our work, we tried to study the national heritage of the Karakalpaks, which is found in folklore, including national foods, food products, related superstitions, household items that are an integral part of culture, as well as the issue of national hospitality, which is considered a national tradition, and concretized on the basis of examples.

The benefits of some shrines and those who visit them
Ismetov R.A.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Humanitarian Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

For millennia, our ancestors worshiped sacred sites and considered them sacred. It is important to study such places in our country, learn about visitors and the purpose of their visit. For this reason, we tried to collect information about some places of pilgrimage in our country and visitors to these places. For example, to study information about the pilgrims who came to the graves of Sureli Ishan. During the study of shrines close to each other by name, it turned out that they exist in our republic, as well as in neighboring regions, as well as in neighboring republics. In our research, we saw that people come to shrines for a reason and for what purpose, but this has not been fully studied. Therefore, in this article we have mentioned the benefits of certain conditions of the pilgrimage and information about the visitors to these places.

Research of the International ezpedition to Akshakhan-kala in 2018-2019
Khojanyazov G.Kh., Betts А., Minardi М., Iskanderova A.D., Toreniyazov A.J., Bekbauliev A.T., Khodjalepesov I.M.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Humanitarian Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus
University of Sydney
Rossiyan Government Humanitary University
Samarkand branch of Archeological centre of the Academy of Sciences of Republic Uzbekistan

This article describes the results of the excavation of the Akchakhan-Kala monument in the field seasons of 2018 2019. Within two years, the facade of the southeastern gate and the main street of the settlement were excavated. The results of the study of previous seasons showed that there was a labyrinthine entrance at the gateway; at the entrance to the city there was a large ramp leading to the main streets and the Central Temple. Field research of two seasons made it possible to fully observe all cultural layers of the development of the construction of the settlement. So the excavations showed that the main street of the settlement has gone through three periods of renovation. Which was performed using compacted clay. At the moment, scientists suggest that the main street of Akchakhan-Kala was used only on holidays for ceremonial purposes. This is facilitated by the construction of the street, consisting of two stepped parts, the upper and lower parts of which are divided by an arch, as evidenced by the discovered four column bases. The article also describes the results of the restoration of wall paintings, carried out by a group of specialists from France and Belgium, found in the ceremonial complex of the settlement. The results of the restoration made it possible to partially clarify the motives of the wall paintings, which depict zoomorphic and anthropomorphic subjects. All the motives of the wall paintings are closely related to the Zoroastrian deities and religious rites. The article also classifies ceramic materials dating back to the antique period. The stratigraphy of the street of the settlement is described, as well as all cultural layers.

Burial in the religion of Zarathustra
Xakimniyazov J.
Karakalpak State University, Nukus

The article presents information about the types of Zoroastrian burial structures on the coast of the South Island: map, hut, naus, Astodon burial ground and temples. Among the peoples of the Southern Aral Sea region, the custom of worshipping the sacred fire originated in very early times. For example, the hearth-atashdoh, a quadrangular shape dating back to the VI millennium BC, is known from the monument Yanbosh IV. A large hearth found in the central part of the monument was an unquenchable sacred fire, which was lit by members of the community. The appearance of the first cities, cultural and cult centers in the Southern Aral Sea region, in general in the Khorezm oasis, dates back to the VII-VI centuries BC (jug-Kir, Kali-Kir, Humbuz-Tepe, Hazarasp, Dingiluje, Yanbash-kala, bolshoy Aibuir-kala, Kuikyrylgan-kala, lead fortress, bazar-kala, Akhchakhon-kala, etc.). During these periods it was widespread the religion of Zoroastrianism, associated with the name of St. Zoroaster. According to videvdat, three conditions were met for performing the funeral rite. The body (the prepared body of the deceased) was kept on a table by the fire for some time until it was taken to the hut. Yu.Rapaport claims that according to Zoroastrian customs, sacred fire was worshipped in Khorezm, and linguistic material related to medieval Khorezmians correlated with the language of the Avesta. The archaeological sites of the Southern Aral Sea region are described from a special historical archaeological point of view and information about the history of the study of monuments directly by archaeologists who conducted archaeological research is presented.

Increasing the quality of life of the population and reducing poverty is the most important strategic task of society
Palvaniyazov A.Y., Nurniyazov S.K.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Natural Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus
Karakalpak State University, Nukus

This article describes the results of a sociological study conducted in collaboration with the Research Institute "Mahalla va Oila" under the Ministry of Mahalla and Family Support of the Republic of Uzbekistan to study the formation of socio-economic and legal framework for social contract reduction in poverty in Uzbekistan. The article highlights the important measures taken in our country to provide economic and social support to the population, as well as to improve the welfare of the population and reduce poverty. The article provides information on the concept of poverty, but there is no single definition of the concept of poverty. The article also discusses the role of the middle class in modern society. The middle class is one of the main directions in the study of social structure and one of the most controversial and topical issues for researchers. Today, poverty, which is an urgent manifestation of poverty, remains one of the biggest and arguably the most painful problems in the world. The article also addresses this issue. The article also covers the results of scientific research conducted by Russian scientists to determine the sign of poverty. The article discusses the importance of programs aimed at developing family business today. This scientific work also discusses the measures taken in our country to improve the living standards and quality of life, the development of social security and health care.

Historical and genetic roots of the leading plots and motives of the Karakalpak legends
Bekimbetov A.M.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Humanitarian Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

In world folklore science, research has been carried out on the genesis of plots of folklore works to an appropriate degree, and the scientific results obtained are widely used in identifying regional forms of origin of the plot and motives in national folklore. Among the Karakalpak legends, the most common motive is the motive of the transformation of people into animals, plants or other inanimate objects, natural phenomena. These motives are mainly characteristic of etiological and toponomic legends. Scientists believe that in myths and fairy tales, the transformation of people into animals and plants and the reverse process of totemistic views, the origin of people from animals and plants, that is, a totemistic view that takes the form of a totem after the death of a person and turns it into a totem, which is formed on the basis of its connection with belief-magic. The motive of transformation in the Karakalpak legends is also associated with the prohibition or taboo that arose in the system of ancient religious beliefs of totemism as magic, animism. Most of the legends about animals, descended from humans, begin with the constant formula "he ("dog", "turtle", "owl", "quail", "bat", "white swan") were people before", testifying to the totemistic belief about kinship between man and totem. In legends of this nature, the motive for the transformation of people into animals, plants and inanimate objects for reasons of transformation can be divided into three types, because the reason for each transformation establishes a certain stage of the evolutionary stage as a whole of this motive.

Epithets in the Karakalpak heroic epics with the motive of the miraculous birth of the hero
Jarimbetov A.K.
Karakalpak State University, Nukus

According to many researchers, the motive about the miraculous conception and the miraculous birth of children is very ancient, characteristic of the mythologies of many peoples. The relevance of the topic of the article is associated with the study of the interpretation of motives about the miraculous birth of the Karakalpak heroic epic. The article examines the motives associated with the miraculous appearance of the protagonist, his close connection with elements of mythological ideas, as well as with traditional rituals. The main goal of the article is to identify their features by analyzing the plot motives, to determine the role and place of the ways of artistic reflection of the motive of the miraculous birth of the hero in the Karakalpak heroic epic.

The system of images of the epic "Shakhriyor" (on the example of the images of Shakhriyor and Andzhim)
Kenesbaeva Sh.K.
Nukus State Pedagogical Institute

The article is devoted to the study of the system image of the dastan «Sharyar», which is widely sung in the repertoire of Karakalpak folk zhyrau. It mainly explores the peculiarities of the creation of the main epic heroes of the dastan, Sharyar and Anjim. On the basis of these images, the compositional structure of the dastan and the whole plot system are shown to be devoted to the popular idea and to reveal the struggle of opposing forces such as good and evil. Also, as in all epics, the epic description of the event in the epic «Sharyar» contains the image of the ideal heroes Sharyar and Anjim, created by the people as the central figure. The main roots of the epic are the dreams of the people, overcoming the difficulties in achieving these dreams, the solution based on the images of the protagonists Sharyar and Anjim, which is proved by examples from the variants of Uteniyaz and Kulamet zhyrau. These images are associated with the cult of twins of the ancient Turks, and it is concluded that the genesis of the plot goes back to the plot type «Wonderful Children», which played an important role in the fairy-tale traditions of the peoples of the world.

From the history of the study of the Karakalpak zhyraus
Bekbergenova Z.U.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Humanitarian Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of Academy of Sciences of Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

The profession of zhyrau is closely connected with the centuries-old history, ethnography, culture and traditions of our people, passed down from father to son, from generation to generation, from century to century. Scholars interpret the word "zhyrau" as “melody” and “epic”. Zhyraus are not only the ones who memorize the finished works, but also the ones who add, subtract and correct them when reciting this work. Just as the mastery of the performers of the epics has its own characteristics, so do the students of the narrator and the methods of teaching. That is why the profession of a blacksmith is being studied as a spiritual wealth that has been passed down from father to son, from generation to generation through the teacher-student tradition, and has not lost its value in our time. Zhyraus in each period have continuously developed their text, enriching the content of the epics, which are specific to the vital needs of society, the ideals of the people, the spiritual world. For this reason, the jiwars were held in high esteem among the people. The article examines the Karakalpak epics of the first folklore and literature researchers such as K.Aimbetov, I.Sagitov in Karakalpak folklore since the 1920s. thoughts on specific individual performance and improvisational skills are analyzed.

Compositional functions of repetition in lyrical works
Tleuniyazova G.B.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Humanitian Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

The article is devoted to the study of the artistic and aesthetic function of the compositional technique of repetition. The peculiarities of the composition of a lyric work are revealed in connection with other types of literature. The author the features of compositional techniques in a lyric work, the primacy of the artistic intention of poets in the construction of the composition of a lyric work are revealed. In the lyrics, the author uses appropriate compositional techniques to convey ideas. On the basis of the impeccable transmission of the poetic idea in verse lies the poet's skill in mastering and applying compositional techniques. In modern Karakalpak lyrics, repetition is most often used, starting with its small form - sound repetitions, to the leitmotif - repetition of an image and details. They perform the artistic function of organizing content (leitmotif, anaphora) and organizing external composition, i.e. with the structure of the stanza (epiphora, alliteration, rediff, refrain). Its types such as leitmotif composition, anaphoric composition, ring construction, anaphoric connection type, end connection type, compositional spiral, amoebic composition, compositional joint, epiphoric composition, chain composition perform various artistic and compositional functions as a result of the compositional searches of poets.

Functional and Semantic Features of Compound Sentences with Converb –p in Modern Karakalpak Language
Alniyazov A.I.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Humanitarian Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

The article describes the history of studying complex sentences with -п converb in the modern Karakalpak language, the results of considering their semantic types in line with the concept of identities and differences. It is substantiated that such sentences are part of complex sentences and are semantically close to complex sentences with a connecting meaning. It is shown that between the components of compound sentences with -п envelope, the actual connecting, connecting-additional, cause-and-effect relationships are expressed to varying degrees. On the basis of factual empirical material, it was confirmed that in the modern Karakalpak language -п converb performs the function of a unified union, while the identity (homogeneity) of the components is expressed in various aspects, the features reflecting the semantics of identity, homogeneity are diverse both in quantity and in content, which corresponds to the main function of -п converba is connective semantics.

Some morphological issues of the Karakalpak language
Najimov P.A.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Humanitian of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Science of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

Recently, in Turkology, there has been a study of the linguistic structure of the Turkic languages from an analytical point of view. In many studies in Turkic studies, new modern scientific methodologies were formed for the study of the grammatical structure of the language. However, these ideas were not covered in the grammars of many Turkic languages. Until now, you can find many controversial, often unjustified descriptions of grammatical phenomena in the morphological system of the language. And also, some issues of the Turkic languages that are considered solved, also require deep and comprehensive research. The paradigmatic series of some morphological categories of the Turkic languages have not been fully studied. The morphological structure of each language differs in characteristic features from other languages. Recently, in Turkic studies, there has been an enrichment of the theoretical base with new, modern directions, the problems of language are being solved on the basis of modern methodology. Consequently, there is a need for a generalized study of the Karakalpak language on the basis of the achievements of general Turkic research. The latest research results on the Turkic languages are not fully reflected in the grammars of the Karakalpak language.

Anthropocentric paradigm in the study of linguistics
Najimov P.A., Matzhanova A.Zh.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Humanitarian Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

The article is devoted to the study of the anthropocentric paradigm in linguistics. In Karakaklpak linguistics, along with the historical-comparative and systemic-structural paradigm, research was carried out on the basis of the anthropocentric paradigm. With the development of the anthropocentric paradigm in linguistics, new areas of research were formed, such as cultural linguistics, ethnolinguistics, psycholinguistics, etc. In many Turkic languages of the 80-90s of the twentieth century, systemic-structural linguistics was the main paradigm of research. With the help of this paradigm, the structural system of the language was formed, the terminology was systematized. Linguistics at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries is distinguished by its pragmatic peculiarity from other periods. The origin of these directions is based on the achievement of the connection of linguistics with other branches of science. According to the authors, in studies on traditional grammar, the functional features of the language are not fully disclosed: the linguistic facts were studied in each section of linguistics in isolation.

Development of phraseology of the Karakalpak language and phonostylistic research
Yusupova B.T.
Nukus State Pedagogical Institute

The article provides an overview of phraseological research in Karakalpak linguistics. Dictionaries and their types are discussed. The main issues given in the published issues on phraseology are revealed. Focuses on the work of the comparison. The need and importance of the study of phraseology in the phonostylistic direction is emphasized. In recent years, extensive research has been conducted in several areas of Karakalpak linguistics. There are also works on the phraseology of the Karakalpak language, which are studied and guided by the latest achievements, scientific results and ideas of world linguistics. Phraseologisms in the Karakalpak language have their own characteristics, they have their own phonetic artistry, they have a lot of lexical and semantic phenomena, they differ from other units of the language by their structure, composition, adaptation to styles and artistic function. At the same time, its historical origin is characterized by its etymology. The metaphorical, figurative, and influential meanings of the phraseologies show that they are indelible in the language and are an invaluable tool of language. A special study of their combined nature, in-depth scientific analysis, accurate, clear and correct scientific assessment is an important issue for linguistics. The extent to which this issue has been studied in Karakalpak linguistics is analyzed in detail in the review article. Particular attention is also paid to their study in the phonostylistic direction.

Types of morphological composition of Karakalpakstan oronyms
Abishov G.M.
Karakalpak State University, Nukus

In this article it’s shown that the territory of the Republic of Karakalpakstan has its own oronyms, and by studying them on the basis of linguistic rules, it is possible to determine the meaning of oronyms, the reasons for their naming, the grammatical structure. It has been analyzed how oronyms, like other language units, have a one-component structure. It has been analyzed how oronyms, like other language units, have a one-component structure. Because the study of the grammatical properties of oronyms reveals the nature of the various onomastic units in its composition, it serves to determine their functions and meanings. Opinions about this in scientific sources have been studied, and similarities and peculiarities of Karakalpakstan oronyms have been scientifically substantiated. In the article Karakalpakstan oronyms are divided into simple and compound oronyms. It is shown that simple oronyms are rare in the territory of the republic, such oronyms consist of one lexical unit. The morphological structure of compound oronyms, on the other hand, is said to be different, with their definite and indefinite components coming with or without affixes. The example of Karakalpakstan oronyms proves that the composition of compound oronyms has the structure in the form of "noun + noun ", "adjective + noun ", "number + noun ", " noun + verb" depending on parts of speech. It has been found that the compound oronyms which components of which are noun or adjective are more effective than other types.

Some questions of classification of homonyms in the Karakalpak language
Kaljanov А.
Karakalpak Research Institute of Humanitarian Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus

In this paper we will deal with the classification of homonyms in the Karakalpak language. The article presents 4 classification parameters homonyms in Karakalpak language. We combined homonyms in groups according to these parameters. Also, giving examples of these groupings that are being used in the modern language. When studying the phenomenon of homonymy of any language, an important place is occupied by the classification of homonyms. This is evidenced by the works devoted to this problem in which the linguists offer one or another approach to the allocation of classes of homonyms. The question of classification of homonyms is solved depending on the understanding of a particular linguist of the essence of this linguistic phenomenon and the definition of the concept of "homonyms", but since there is no unity of views on these issues, there is still no single generally accepted classification of homonyms in the linguistic literature. The classifications that exist in linguistics and are used to differentiate homonyms can be successfully applied to the language material of the Karakalpak lexical corpus. Homonyms as a process in any language is complex in nature, has different sources. In this article, we have considered various options and approaches to create a modern classification of homonyms of the Karakalpak language. In contrast to previous studies, we focused on the "dictionary form of the word" as the main criterion for classifying homonyms.

Stylistic use of proverbs and sayings, phraseological units and aphorisms in newspaper headlines
Kurbanyazov D.
Karakalpak State University, Nukus

The article explores the stylistic features of newspaper article headlines. Articles and texts, phraseological units and aphorisms are considered as newspaper headlines. Putting article headlines in the daily press plays an important role. The reason is that the title of the article draws the reader's attention to himself and makes him interested in reading the article. Features of the use of articles and texts, phraseological units, aphorisms are described in the tariffs based on factual materials. Therefore, journalists pay special attention to the titles of articles in order to get a wide reading of their articles related to this or that topic. The use of proverbs as the title of the article, the words of wisdom expressed by eloquent masters, great scholars, scientists, known for their stable suffixes, enhances the emotional-expressive effect of the title. In recent times, in terms of the lexical structure of the language, two or more words are used together in a standing form, the existence of which is called the term phrases - units that serve to generalize and express a common meaning.